# Isometric Ops

> Create, refine, compose, and export isometric/dimetric assets for web and games: projection math, SVG/CSS/three.js generation, pixel-art and Blender workflows, engine tilemaps, ControlNet AI generation, and the iso-studio composer. Triggers on: isometric, dimetric, tileset, y-sort.

- Skill: `0xdarkmatter/isometric-ops` (Agent Skill, multi-file: 29 files)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add 0xdarkmatter/isometric-ops`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/0xdarkmatter/isometric-ops/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Category: Web & Frontend
- License: MIT
- Author: 0xDarkMatter (https://skillmd.com/u/0xdarkmatter)
- Updated: 2026-09-10
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/0xdarkmatter/isometric-ops

---


# Isometric Operations

Create, refine, compose, and export isometric illustrative assets for websites and
games — end to end. This skill covers the exact projection math, the vector/CSS/SVG and
three.js generation routes, the pixel-art and Blender pre-render pipelines, engine
tilemap integration, the AI-generation-with-structure-control workflow, asset sourcing
with licence discipline, and the companion **iso-studio** scene composer (a standalone
app that grew out of this skill). Every constant is
derived and machine-checked; every workflow is runnable; every claim is sourced in its
reference file.

> **Boundary — what this skill does NOT own.** General three.js / creative-coding
> scaffolding lives in [`genart-ops`](../genart-ops/SKILL.md); app- and game-scale
> three.js (GLTF pipeline, react-three-fiber, `InstancedMesh`) lives in the `threejs-ops`
> skill. Colour science and perceptual (OKLCH) ramp construction live in
> [`color-ops`](../color-ops/SKILL.md). `isometric-ops` owns **only the isometric delta**
> — it cross-links those siblings, it never restates them. Detail lives in the reference
> files below: this router points, it does not duplicate.

---

## 1. The projection decision — always step zero

Choose the projection **before** you draw, generate, or model anything. This is not a
deferrable stylistic preference: it fixes the grid math, the tile aspect ratio, the
camera rig, and the anti-aliasing strategy for the entire pipeline downstream. Changing
it later means re-cutting every asset.

| Job | Projection | Ground-axis angle | Tile / face rule | Where |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Web / vector illustration, diagrams, icons, hero art | **True isometric** | **30°** (all three axes 120° apart) | all axes foreshorten equally; smooth vector edges ignore pixel stepping | [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md) §1, [`svg-vector-generation.md`](references/svg-vector-generation.md), [`css-isometric.md`](references/css-isometric.md) |
| Game tiles, tilemaps, sprite worlds, most "isometric" games | **2:1 dimetric** (commonly called isometric in games) | **26.565°** = arctan(1/2) | integer 2px:1px steps tessellate; `tileW = 2·tileH` | [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md) §2, [`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md), [`engine-integration.md`](references/engine-integration.md) |
| Hand-placed / library pixel-art primitives (cubes, bricks, slopes) | **Pixel-neat 1:2** | **22.6°** (obelisk.js pixel-dot pattern) | 1:2 pixel dot stepping avoids staircasing at primitive-drawing level | [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md) §7, [`pixel-art-workflow.md`](references/pixel-art-workflow.md) |

**The failure mode this prevents.** Nearly every "isometric" game is actually
**dimetric** (only two of the three axis separations are equal: ≈116.565°, 116.565°,
126.870°). The trap: an artist draws a "30° isometric" tile, the engine places it on a
2:1 (26.565°) diamond grid, and **the tile edges do not meet their neighbours**. Small at
one tile, catastrophic across a 50×50 map. The fix is not a nudge tool — it is deciding,
up front, that game tiles are **2:1 dimetric at 26.565°** and writing that number into
the [tile spec](references/tile-spec.md) so every asset is cut to the same grid.

**Terminology discipline (applies everywhere).** On first use per document write
**"2:1 dimetric (commonly called isometric in games)"**, then "2:1 dimetric" thereafter.
Never call the 2:1 game projection "isometric" unqualified. Distinguish **"isometric
drawing"** (100% scale) from **"isometric projection"** (81.65% = √(2/3) scale) whenever
the distinction affects a measurement.

### Canonical constants (the authority table)

Machine-emitted by [`iso-math.py constants`](scripts/iso-math.py); full derivations and
ground-truth checks in [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md).

| Symbol | Exact form | Value | Appears as |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cube tilt ("magic angle") | `arctan(1/√2) = arcsin(1/√3)` | **35.264°** | 3D iso rotation |
| Foreshortening (projection scale) | `cos(35.264°) = √(2/3)` | **81.65%** (0.81650) | true-projection edge scale |
| Isometric **drawing** scale | full-scale convention | **100%** | vector iso (edges read at 100%) |
| True ground angle | definition | **30°** | vector iso axes |
| SSR / top-plane squash | `cos(30°)` | **86.602%** (0.86603) | Illustrator scale, 2D plane matrices |
| Figma height / circle→ellipse | `tan(30°)` | **57.735%** (0.57735) | Figma hack, ellipse minor axis |
| CSS back-tip | `arctan(√2) = 90° − 35.264°` | **54.7356°** | CSS `rotateX` |
| CSS un-foreshorten | `√(3/2) = 1/cos(35.264°)` | **1.22474** | CSS `scale3d` |
| Dimetric ground angle | `arctan(1/2)` | **26.565°** | game tiles |
| Dimetric screen slope | `tileH/tileW` (2:1) | **0.5** | tile-space `+x` = `(+tileW/2, +tileH/2)` |

> Two Blender ortho-camera rigs, both must appear wherever rigs are discussed: **2:1
> dimetric = RotX 60°, RotY 0°, RotZ 45°** (cube top 2× wide as tall, `sin 30° = 0.5`);
> **true isometric = RotX 54.736°, RotY 0°, RotZ 45°** (all three faces equal). Most
> tutorials use 60/0/45 and mislabel it "isometric" — it is dimetric. See
> [`blender-prerender.md`](references/blender-prerender.md) §1.

---

## 2. Task router — six routes

Each route is a numbered mini-workflow. Follow the links for the exact numbers, code, and
gotchas — the steps here are the spine, the references are the flesh.

### Route A — Illustrate for the web (vector / CSS / SVG)

For diagrams, icons, hero art, marketing scenes → **true isometric (30°)**.

1. **Decide** true iso (§1). Pin the light direction and palette up front
   ([`style-guide.md`](references/style-guide.md)).
2. **Pick the medium.** Live DOM elements you want selectable / accessible / SEO-visible →
   CSS. Static shapes and icon sets → SVG. See the decision tables in
   [`css-isometric.md`](references/css-isometric.md) and
   [`svg-vector-generation.md`](references/svg-vector-generation.md).
3. **CSS route.** 3D: `transform-style: preserve-3d` on the container, per-face children,
   then the outer stack `rotateX(54.7356deg) rotateZ(-45deg) scale3d(1.22474,…)` — the
   scale goes on the container **only** (or faces double-scale). 2D affine for flat cards:
   the `rotate(-30deg) skewX(30deg) scaleY(0.866)` recipe family, derived per plane in
   [`css-isometric.md`](references/css-isometric.md).
4. **SVG route.** Reach for [`@elchininet/isometric`](references/svg-vector-generation.md)
   (SVG-native, planes/paths) or hand-roll diamond/cube/prism paths using the plane
   `matrix()` recipes (Top `matrix(0.86603, 0.5, 0.86603, -0.5, 0, 0)`, etc.). Grab a
   ready grid from [`assets/grids/`](assets/grids/) or emit one with
   `iso-math.py grid-svg`.
5. **Optimise & export.** Simplify paths in-tool → export → SVGO/SVGOMG → raster
   derivatives, **in that order** ([`svg-vector-generation.md`](references/svg-vector-generation.md) §7).
6. **Verify visually.** For map-heavy web work, headless-screenshot checks belong to
   [`playwright-ops`](../playwright-ops/SKILL.md); tie the render back to the
   [style checklist](references/style-guide.md).

### Route B — Build a game tileset (spec → generate → validate → pack → engine)

For tilemaps and sprite worlds → **2:1 dimetric (26.565°)**. This is the discipline route;
skipping the spec is how sets drift.

1. **Write the spec first.** Copy the fill-in template from
   [`tile-spec.md`](references/tile-spec.md) and pin: projection + exact angle, tile W×H
   (`W = 2H`), unit elevation (px per z-step), anchor **at the feet**, footprint grammar
   (1×1, 2×1, 2×2…), transparent margin/bleed, palette tokens, one light direction, output
   format, `name_direction_variant.png` naming, and scale grammar (one human = N tiles).
2. **Generate** the tiles — draw them ([`pixel-art-workflow.md`](references/pixel-art-workflow.md)),
   pre-render from 3D (Route D), or AI-generate (Route C). Every asset obeys the spec's
   numbers.
3. **Validate** each tile against the spec:
   `uv run scripts/tile-validate.py --tile-w 64 --tile-h 32 tiles/*.png` — flags dimension
   drift, alpha halos, edge-bleed, off-centre anchor, palette overflow (exit 10 on any
   violation). Every spec line maps to a check
   ([`tile-spec.md`](references/tile-spec.md) "How the spec feeds tile-validate.py").
4. **Pack** into an atlas:
   `uv run scripts/sheet-pack.py tiles/ --trim --padding 2 --pot` → one sheet PNG + a JSON
   atlas. An atlas turns N texture binds into 1 — the single biggest win for tile-heavy
   scenes ([`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md) §11).
5. **Integrate** into the engine — Godot 4 `TileMapLayer` (Shape=Isometric, Layout=Diamond
   Down, Y-Sort on, origin at feet), Unity orthographic checklist, or Phaser/PixiJS manual
   cart↔iso. Atlas anchor/pivot mapping is spelled out in
   [`engine-integration.md`](references/engine-integration.md).
6. **The runtime math** — tile↔screen, picking, and the `(x+y, z, layer, zBias)` depth
   sort with anchor-at-feet — lives in [`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md)
   and is mirrored by `iso-math.py to-screen` / `to-tile` (round-trip verified).

### Route C — AI pipeline (generate → control → refine → vectorize)

Fast, but perspective drifts without structure control. Pick the model by what the output
must *be*, then hold the geometry with ControlNet.

1. **Climb the decision ladder** ([`ai-generation.md`](references/ai-generation.md) §1):
   editable vectors → Recraft (vector-native); hero raster → Midjourney `--sref`/`--sw`
   (+ Firefly for brand-safe vector with Content Credentials); local control / tilesets →
   Flux/SDXL + iso LoRA + ControlNet; consistent large sets → a custom-trained model
   (Scenario/Layer) on 10–20 on-style refs.
2. **Prompt** from the ready scaffolds in [`assets/prompt-library.md`](assets/prompt-library.md)
   — subject + projection + material language + simplification rule + lighting rule +
   output intent, plus the universal negative-prompt block (vanishing points, perspective
   distortion, dramatic shadows, text, watermarks). Doctrine in
   [`ai-generation.md`](references/ai-generation.md) §6.
3. **Control the structure.** For anything that must tessellate or hold true perspective,
   condition with ControlNet: depth (massing), MLSD (architecture lines), lineart/canny
   (exact outlines). The gold-standard workflow is Blender blockout → depth + normal pass →
   dual-ControlNet generation ([`ai-generation.md`](references/ai-generation.md) §4;
   blockout export via Route D or iso-studio, Route E).
4. **Refine.** Upscale with the *creative* camp at resemblance-high / creativity-low to
   sharpen edges without inventing perspective-breaking geometry; need >4× → regenerate at
   a higher base instead. Clean AI edge-halos (semi-transparent fringe) mechanically —
   `tile-validate.py` detects them ([`ai-refinement.md`](references/ai-refinement.md)).
5. **Vectorize** if you need scalable output: Recraft (cleanest) → Vectorizer.AI →
   SVGcode/potrace → Illustrator Image Trace + Expand; re-impose the three-tone plane
   system after tracing ([`ai-refinement.md`](references/ai-refinement.md) §4,
   [`style-guide.md`](references/style-guide.md)).
6. **Check licences before delivery** — LoRA and model licences bite (see Route F and the
   gotcha index).

### Route D — Pre-render from 3D (Blender / three.js)

Model once, bake sprites for eight directions. The web-native alternative to Blender is a
three.js scene.

1. **Rig the ortho camera** at the correct rotation for your projection — **both** rigs are
   in [`blender-prerender.md`](references/blender-prerender.md) §1 (60/0/45 dimetric vs
   54.736/0/45 true iso) with the cube-top verification test.
2. **Blender route.** Drive it headless:
   `blender -b -P assets/blender-iso-rig.py -- --projection dimetric21 --directions 8 --out ./sheet`.
   A parented empty spins the model for N-direction batching; transparent film; one render
   per direction. Add `--passes` for the depth + camera-space normal maps that feed
   ControlNet (Route C).
3. **three.js route.** Owns only the iso delta ([`threejs-orthographic.md`](references/threejs-orthographic.md)):
   exact-rotation idiom (`camera.rotation.order='YXZ'; y=-π/4; x=atan(-1/√2)`),
   frustum sizing with the resize-recompute gotcha, pixel-perfect world→CSS-px mapping,
   render-to-target sprite export at 1×/2×/4×, constrained `OrbitControls`, and 8-direction
   sprite baking in the browser. General scene scaffolding → [`genart-ops`](../genart-ops/SKILL.md).
4. **Feed the tileset pipeline.** Baked sprites re-enter Route B at step 3 (validate) → 4
   (pack) → 5 (engine).

### Route E — Compose a scene (iso-studio)

The companion **iso-studio** scene composer (standalone app, local checkout
`X:\Forge\iso-studio`) stages assets on a snap-to-grid isometric canvas with automatic
depth sorting and a blockout-to-ControlNet export path. See §5 below for the launch
command and status.

1. **Launch** the app (§5), pick a projection, set tile width and grid extent.
2. **Import** PNG/SVG/WebP by drag-drop, paste, or file picker; assets land in the tray.
3. **Place & snap** with full / half / quarter / free snap modes; set each asset's anchor
   and footprint so snapping and sorting stay correct.
4. **Depth** sorts automatically by `(tileX + tileY)`, then elevation, then zBias, across
   ground / props / overlay layers.
5. **Export** PNG at 1×/2×/4× (transparent, cropped) or save the scene as JSON conforming
   to the app repo's `scene-schema.json` (version "1.0").
6. **Blockout → ControlNet** (v2 feature): place flat-shaded grey primitives and export a
   depth-map / lineart render that conditions the AI pipeline (Route C, step 3).

### Route F — Source existing assets (licences)

Do not draw what you can legally reuse — but check the licence *before* delivery.

1. **CC0 first** — Kenney iso packs, itch.io CC0 sets (Screaming Brain's 1,008 floors,
   etc.), OpenGameArt ([`asset-sourcing.md`](references/asset-sourcing.md)).
2. **Marketplaces** — IconScout, Flaticon (attribution on free), Icons8, Streamline,
   Iconify, DrawKit, Blush, Storyset, Icograms.
3. **The procurement rule** — before client delivery verify current plan + current licence +
   **AI-training clause**. "Commercial use permitted" ≠ "dataset use permitted" (DrawKit
   explicitly forbids AI training). Track attribution; prefer SVG source over PNG.

---

## 3. Scripts

All scripts follow the [Skill Resource Protocol](../../docs/SKILL-RESOURCE-PROTOCOL.md):
stdout = data only, semantic exit codes, `--help` with EXAMPLES, `--json` envelopes.
Pure-stdlib scripts run with `python`; Pillow scripts use PEP 723 inline metadata via
`uv run` (on this Windows machine avoid the Store `python3` stub — it exits 49).

| Script | What it does | Launch |
|---|---|---|
| [`iso-math.py`](scripts/iso-math.py) | Canonical constants, tile↔screen transforms, SVG grids, CSS/SVG/Illustrator/Figma transform recipes | `python scripts/iso-math.py constants --projection true --json` · `… to-screen 3 2 --tile-w 64 --tile-h 32` · `… grid-svg --projection dimetric21 --tile-w 64 --extent 8 > grid.svg` · `… transforms --target css-3d` |
| [`tile-validate.py`](scripts/tile-validate.py) | QA gate for (especially AI) tiles: dimension, alpha-halo, edge-bleed, anchor, palette checks; exit 10 on violation | `uv run scripts/tile-validate.py --tile-w 64 --tile-h 32 tiles/*.png` |
| [`sheet-pack.py`](scripts/sheet-pack.py) | Pack a tiles directory into a spritesheet PNG + JSON atlas; `--trim --padding N --pot`, deterministic order | `uv run scripts/sheet-pack.py tiles/ --trim --padding 2 --pot` |
| [`check-iso-facts.py`](scripts/check-iso-facts.py) | §7 staleness verifier: `--offline` asserts constants + reference citations; `--live` npm-checks named packages (exit 7 advisory / 10 drift) | `python scripts/check-iso-facts.py --offline` |

## 4. Assets

| Asset | What it is | Use |
|---|---|---|
| [`prompt-library.md`](assets/prompt-library.md) | Ready-to-paste prompt scaffolds by target tool (city block, room cutaway, floating island, warehouse, control room, dashboard, sprite tileset, icon) + universal negative block + Midjourney/Firefly/Recraft/Flux cheatsheets | Route C, step 2 |
| [`palettes/three-tone-presets.json`](assets/palettes/three-tone-presets.json) | 8 three-tone presets (`kenney-prototype-grey`, `pastel-dollhouse`, `industrial-muted`, `cyberpunk-teal-violet`, `blueprint`, `earthy-game`, `mono-ink`, `brand-neutral`); top-lightest verified by WCAG luminance | Route A/B, [`style-guide.md`](references/style-guide.md) |
| [`grids/`](assets/grids/) | Pre-generated `true-iso-{32,64,128}.svg` and `dimetric-2to1-{32,64,128}.svg` (line slope 0.5 dimetric / tan30° true iso) | Route A, backdrops |
| [`blender-iso-rig.py`](assets/blender-iso-rig.py) | Headless Blender ortho-rig + N-direction sprite baker + optional depth/normal passes | Route D, step 2 |
| **iso-studio** (external) | The zero-dependency scene composer — standalone repo at `X:\Forge\iso-studio` (github.com/0xDarkMatter/iso-studio), owns `scene-schema.json` + the asset library; pointer: [`iso-studio.md`](references/iso-studio.md) | Route E, §5 |

## 5. iso-studio — the scene composer (standalone app)

**iso-studio** is a zero-dependency, no-build isometric scene composer that grew out of
this skill and now lives in its own repository — local checkout `X:\Forge\iso-studio`,
remote `github.com/0xDarkMatter/iso-studio` (`index.html` + `server.mjs`, no npm deps).
Launch it, then work the docked palettes:

```
node X:\Forge\iso-studio\server.mjs      # then open http://localhost:4323
PORT=8080 node X:\Forge\iso-studio\server.mjs
```

- **Canvas + Grid** — projection selector (2:1 dimetric / true isometric / custom angle),
  tile W×H (H is derived-and-locked for the two named projections), grid extent, and a
  full / half / quarter / free snap segmented control.
- **Asset tray** — drag-drop, clipboard-paste, or file-picker import (PNG/SVG/WebP, stored
  as data URIs so scenes are self-contained); click-to-place, stays armed for rapid
  placement.
- **Depth sorting** — automatic `(x+y) → elevation → layer → zBias` sort across
  ground / props / overlay, matching the doctrine in
  [`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md) exactly.
- **Inspector, Scene, Export palettes** — anchor/footprint/elevation/scale/flip/zBias
  editing; background/checkerboard/canvas size; PNG export at 1×/2×/4× (crop-to-content,
  transparent), SVG export (gated — every placed asset must be SVG-sourced), and scene
  JSON save/load conforming to the app repo's `scene-schema.json` (version "1.0").
- **Blockout mode (signature feature)** — place flat-shaded three-tone grey primitives
  (box / slab / ramp / cylinder) and export a **depth map** and a **lineart** render sized
  to the canvas; both condition the ControlNet step of the AI pipeline
  ([`ai-generation.md`](references/ai-generation.md) §4) without touching Blender.
- **Undo/redo** (`Ctrl+Z` / `Ctrl+Y`, ≥50 steps, drag-moves and rapid nudges coalesced
  into single entries) and the full hotkey legend via `?` in-app.

The full manual — workspace tour, projection/snap configuration, anchor-at-feet
discipline, the complete hotkey table, the scene-JSON schema walkthrough, the
blockout → depth/lineart → ControlNet round trip step by step, and a "known limits"
section (depth export is per-instance flat grey, elevation-aware but not per-face;
`flipX` mirrors a ramp's slope, no-op on symmetric primitives) — lives in the app repo
at `docs/MANUAL.md`; this skill's [`references/iso-studio.md`](references/iso-studio.md)
is the quickstart pointer.

---

## 6. Gotcha index — the top 10 footguns

| # | Footgun | Fix | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | **Mislabelled dimetric** — calling 2:1 game tiles "isometric" and cutting them to a 30° grid; tiles don't tessellate | Game tiles are **2:1 dimetric at 26.565°**; write the exact angle into the tile spec | [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md) §2/§4, [`tile-spec.md`](references/tile-spec.md) |
| 2 | **Skew without scale** — shearing a flat asset onto the iso axes but skipping the `cos(30°)=0.86603` vertical scale; right axes, wrong height, won't stack | Run the full **Scale → Shear → Rotate**; build on the iso plane, never skew-and-call-it-done | [`projection-math.md`](references/projection-math.md) §3.2/§3.3 |
| 3 | **Centre anchors break y-sort** — a tall sprite's centre is high on screen, so a centre-based sort draws it behind nearer objects | Anchor every sprite at its **visual feet** (ground contact); the sort key uses the tile it stands on | [`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md) §8 |
| 4 | **Elevation folded into the depth key** — using `x+y+z` makes a tall near object sort behind a short far one | `z` is a **tie-breaker after** `(x+y)`, never added into it: `(x+y, z, layer, zBias)` | [`coordinates-depth.md`](references/coordinates-depth.md) §5/§7 |
| 5 | **Unity near-clip clipping** — default near plane hides geometry behind the ortho camera on the XZ map | Push near clip to a large negative (−1000+); Stable Fit → Close Fit shadows; disable cascades | [`engine-integration.md`](references/engine-integration.md) §2 |
| 6 | **Ortho frustum not recomputed on resize** — the iso view stretches when the viewport changes | Recompute aspect-scaled left/right/top/bottom in the resize handler; update the projection matrix | [`threejs-orthographic.md`](references/threejs-orthographic.md) §3 |
| 7 | **AI halo edges** — semi-transparent fringe around AI-generated tiles that shows as a seam | Alpha-threshold / defringe; `tile-validate.py` flags halo % mechanically | [`ai-refinement.md`](references/ai-refinement.md) §3 |
| 8 | **Licence AI-training clause** — "commercial use OK" is not "dataset use OK"; DrawKit forbids AI training | Verify plan + licence + **AI-training clause** before client delivery | [`asset-sourcing.md`](references/asset-sourcing.md) |
| 9 | **Flux-dev LoRA licences** — Flux.1-dev derivatives are **non-commercial**; shipping them in a client project is a violation | Check each LoRA's licence flag; prefer permissively-licensed adapters for commercial work | [`ai-generation.md`](references/ai-generation.md) §2/§7 |
| 10 | **Staircasing & the >4× upscale trap** — 30° lines staircase in pixel art; pushing an upscaler past 4× invents perspective-breaking detail | Commit to 2:1 pixel-neat stepping; above 4× **regenerate at a higher base**, don't upscale | [`pixel-art-workflow.md`](references/pixel-art-workflow.md) §1, [`ai-refinement.md`](references/ai-refinement.md) §1 |

---

## Related skills

[`genart-ops`](../genart-ops/SKILL.md) (general three.js / creative coding) ·
`threejs-ops` (app/game-scale three.js: GLTF, r3f, `InstancedMesh`) ·
[`color-ops`](../color-ops/SKILL.md) (colour science, OKLCH ramps) ·
[`frontend-design`](../frontend-design/SKILL.md) (production UI craft) ·
[`playwright-ops`](../playwright-ops/SKILL.md) (headless render verification).