# Corp Finance Tools - Specialty & Regulatory

> Use the corp-finance-mcp server tools for specialty finance, regulatory, and compliance calculations. Invoke when performing private credit (unitranche, direct lending, syndication), insurance (loss reserving, premium pricing, Solvency II SCR), FP&A (variance analysis, break-even, working capital, rolling forecast), wealth management (retirement planning, tax-loss harvesting, estate planning), restructuring (recovery analysis, distressed debt), real assets (property valuation, project finance), venture capital (dilution, convertible instruments, fund returns), ESG (scoring, climate/carbon, green bonds, SLL), regulatory capital (Basel III, LCR/NSFR, ALM), compliance (MiFID II best execution, GIPS reporting), credit derivatives (CDS pricing, CVA/DVA), convertible bonds (binomial tree pricing, scenario analysis), lease accounting (ASC 842/IFRS 16, sale-leaseback), pension & LDI (funding analysis, liability-driven investing), sovereign risk (bond analysis, country risk), real options (binomial valuation, decision

- Skill: `fdu-ins/corp-finance-tools-specialty-regulatory` (Agent Skill)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add fdu-ins/corp-finance-tools-specialty-regulatory`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/fdu-ins/corp-finance-tools-specialty-regulatory/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Category: AI & ML
- Author: FDU-INS (https://skillmd.com/u/fdu-ins)
- Updated: 2026-09-10
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/fdu-ins/corp-finance-tools-specialty-regulatory

---


# Corp Finance MCP Tools - Specialty & Regulatory

You have access to 94 specialty finance, regulatory, and compliance MCP tools covering private credit, insurance, FP&A, wealth management, restructuring, real assets, venture capital, ESG, regulatory capital, compliance, credit derivatives, convertible bonds, lease accounting, pension & LDI, sovereign risk, real options, equity research, commodity trading, treasury management, infrastructure finance, crypto, municipal bonds, structured products, trade finance, fund structuring, transfer pricing, tax treaty, FATCA/CRS, economic substance, regulatory reporting, AML compliance, fund of funds, bank analytics, carbon markets, and private wealth. All tools return structured JSON with `result`, `methodology`, `assumptions`, `warnings`, and `metadata` fields. All monetary math uses `rust_decimal` (128-bit fixed-point) — never floating-point.

## Tool Reference

### Private Credit

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `unitranche_pricing` | Unitranche FOLO split pricing and blended yield | total_commitment, first_out_pct, spreads, OID, fees, borrower metrics |
| `direct_lending` | Direct loan modelling (PIK, delayed draw, amortisation) | loan_amount, base_rate, spread, pik_rate, amort_schedule, maturity, credit metrics |
| `syndication_analysis` | Loan syndication allocation and arranger economics | facility_size, arranger_hold, syndicate_members, arrangement_fee |

### Insurance & Actuarial

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `loss_reserving` | Chain-ladder and Bornhuetter-Ferguson loss reserving | claims_triangle, method (ChainLadder/BF/Both), earned_premium, expected_loss_ratio, tail_factor |
| `premium_pricing` | Insurance premium pricing (freq x severity + loadings) | expected_frequency, expected_severity, expense_loading, profit_loading, trend_rates |
| `combined_ratio` | Multi-period combined ratio and operating ratio analysis | periods (premium, losses, expenses, investment_income) |
| `solvency_scr` | Solvency II Standard Formula SCR calculation | premium_reserve_risk, operational_risk, correlation_matrix, MCR_floor |

### FP&A

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `variance_analysis` | Budget vs actual variance with price/volume/mix decomposition | budget/actual revenue_lines, cost_lines, prior_period (optional) |
| `breakeven_analysis` | Break-even, DOL, and target volume analysis | selling_price, variable_cost_per_unit, fixed_costs, current_volume, scenarios |
| `working_capital` | Working capital efficiency (DSO/DIO/DPO/CCC) and benchmarking | periods (revenue, cogs, receivables, inventory, payables), cost_of_capital |
| `rolling_forecast` | Rolling financial forecast with driver-based projections | historical_periods, forecast_periods, revenue_growth_rate, driver_overrides |

### Wealth Management

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `retirement_planning` | Retirement planning with 4 withdrawal strategies | current_age, retirement_age, life_expectancy, income, savings, withdrawal_strategy |
| `tax_loss_harvesting` | Tax-loss harvesting simulation with wash-sale rules | positions (cost_basis, market_value, holding_days), realized_gains, tax_rates |
| `estate_planning` | Estate tax planning with trust analysis and gifting strategy | estate_value, gifts, trusts, life_insurance, exemption, tax_rates |

### Restructuring

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `recovery_analysis` | APR waterfall recovery by claim priority | enterprise_value, claims (priority, secured, collateral), DIP facility, admin costs |
| `distressed_debt_analysis` | Restructuring plan analysis with fulcrum ID | enterprise_value, exit_ev, capital_structure, proposed_treatments, DIP terms |

### Real Assets

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `property_valuation` | Real estate valuation (direct cap, DCF, GRM) | gross_rent, vacancy, opex, cap_rate, holding_period, financing terms, comparables |
| `project_finance_model` | Infrastructure project finance with debt sculpting | total_cost, construction/operating periods, revenue, debt (level/sculpted/bullet), DSCR target |

### Venture Capital

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `venture_dilution` | Pre/post-money dilution and cap table modelling | rounds (pre_money, investment, option_pool_pct), founders_shares |
| `convertible_instrument` | SAFE and convertible note conversion analysis | instrument_type (SAFE/Note), investment, valuation_cap, discount_rate, interest_rate |
| `venture_fund_returns` | VC fund return analytics (IRR, TVPI, DPI, J-curve) | fund_size, investments (amount, entry/exit year, exit_multiple), management_fee, carry_rate, hurdle |

### ESG & Climate

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `esg_score` | ESG scoring with sector-specific materiality weights | company, sector, environmental/social/governance pillar scores |
| `carbon_footprint` | Carbon footprint analysis (Scope 1/2/3) | scope1/2/3 emissions, revenue, sector benchmarks |
| `green_bond` | Green bond framework analysis | proceeds_allocation, eligible_categories, impact_metrics |
| `sll_covenants` | Sustainability-linked loan covenant testing | kpi_targets, actual_performance, margin_adjustment |

### Regulatory Capital

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `basel_capital` | Basel III capital adequacy (CET1, Tier1, Total) with SA risk weights | exposures (asset_class, rating, amount), operational_risk, capital_buffers |
| `lcr_nsfr` | Liquidity coverage ratio and net stable funding ratio | hqla_assets, cash_outflows/inflows, available/required_stable_funding |
| `alm_analysis` | Asset-liability management (gap, NII sensitivity, EVE) | assets/liabilities by repricing bucket, rate scenarios, beta pass-through |

### Compliance

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `best_execution` | MiFID II best execution (Perold implementation shortfall TCA) | trades (security, side, decision_price, execution_price, shares, benchmark_price), market_conditions, venue_data |
| `gips_report` | GIPS-compliant performance reporting (Modified Dietz, geometric linking) | composite_name, periods (start_value, end_value, external_cash_flows, benchmark_return), accounts, firm_assets, currency |

### Credit Derivatives

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `cds_pricing` | Single-name CDS pricing (hazard-rate model) | reference_entity, notional, spread_bps, recovery_rate, risk_free_rate, maturity_years, payment_frequency |
| `cva_calculation` | CVA/DVA calculation with netting and collateral | trade_description, expected_exposure_profile, counterparty_default_probability, counterparty_recovery_rate, netting_benefit, collateral_threshold |

### Convertible Bonds

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `convertible_bond_pricing` | Convertible bond pricing (CRR binomial tree) | bond_name, face_value, coupon_rate, maturity_years, stock_price, conversion_ratio, stock_volatility, call_price, put_price |
| `convertible_bond_analysis` | Convertible scenario analysis (stock/vol/spread sensitivity) | bond_name, face_value, stock_price, conversion_ratio, stock_scenarios, vol_scenarios, spread_scenarios |

### Lease Accounting

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `lease_classification` | ASC 842 / IFRS 16 lease classification and measurement | lease_description, standard, lease_term_months, monthly_payment, fair_value_of_asset, useful_life_months, transfer_of_ownership, specialized_asset |
| `sale_leaseback_analysis` | Sale-leaseback transaction analysis (gain recognition) | description, standard, asset_carrying_value, sale_price, fair_value, lease_term_months, qualifies_as_sale |

### Pension & LDI

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `pension_funding` | Pension funding analysis (PBO, ABO, NPPC) | plan_name, plan_assets, discount_rate, expected_return_on_assets, active/retired_participants, plan_provisions |
| `ldi_strategy` | Liability-Driven Investing strategy design | plan_name, liability_pv, liability_duration, plan_assets, current_asset_allocation, available_instruments, target_hedge_ratio |

### Sovereign Risk

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `sovereign_bond_analysis` | Sovereign bond pricing, YTM, duration, convexity, spread decomposition, local currency risk | face_value, coupon_rate, maturity_years, sovereign_spread, currency, country, is_local_currency, inflation_rate |
| `country_risk_assessment` | Multi-factor sovereign risk scoring, rating equivalent, CRP, implied default probability | country, gdp_growth_rate, inflation_rate, debt_to_gdp, current_account_pct_gdp, fx_reserves_months_imports, political_stability_score, rule_of_law_score |

### Real Options

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `real_option_valuation` | Real option valuation (expand, abandon, defer, switch, contract, compound) via CRR binomial tree with Greeks | option_type, underlying_value, exercise_price, volatility, risk_free_rate, time_to_expiry, expansion_factor, contraction_factor |
| `decision_tree_analysis` | Decision tree analysis with EMV rollback, EVPI, sensitivity, optimal path identification | nodes (id, name, node_type, value, cost, probability, children), discount_rate, risk_adjustment |

### Equity Research

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `sotp_valuation` | Sum-of-the-parts valuation: segment-level multiples, conglomerate discount, football field | company_name, segments (name, revenue, ebitda, method, multiple), net_debt, shares_outstanding, holding_company_discount |
| `target_price` | Multi-method target price: PE, PEG, PB, PS, DDM with football field and recommendation | current_price, shares_outstanding, earnings_per_share, earnings_growth_rate, book_value_per_share, peer_multiples, cost_of_equity |

### Commodity Trading

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `commodity_spread` | Commodity spread analysis: crack, crush, spark, calendar, location, quality spreads | spread_type, input_prices, output_prices, conversion_ratios, processing_cost, historical_spreads |
| `storage_economics` | Commodity storage economics: contango/backwardation, convenience yields, cash-and-carry arbitrage | spot_price, futures_prices, storage_cost_per_unit_month, financing_rate, commodity_name, seasonal_factors |

### Treasury Management

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `cash_management` | Corporate cash management: liquidity forecasting, cash pooling, sweep/facility draw | current_cash, operating_cash_flows, minimum_cash_buffer, credit_facility_size/rate, investment_rate, sweep_threshold, dso_days, dpo_days |
| `hedge_effectiveness` | Hedge effectiveness testing: dollar offset, regression, IAS 39/IFRS 9 compliance | hedge_type, notional_amount, hedge_notional, hedge_instrument, exposure_changes, hedge_changes, spot_rate, forward_rate, volatility |

### Infrastructure Finance

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `ppp_model` | PPP modelling: risk allocation, VfM analysis, PSC comparator, equity IRR, debt sizing | project_name, total_capex, concession_years, revenue_model, annual_availability_payment, senior_debt_pct/rate, equity_pct, discount_rate |
| `concession_valuation` | Infrastructure concession valuation: traffic risk, toll escalation, handback, extension option | concession_name, remaining_years, current_annual_revenue, revenue_growth_rate, handback_cost, discount_rate, terminal_value_approach |

### Crypto & Digital Assets

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `token_valuation` | Token/protocol valuation (NVT, P/S, FDV, DCF) | network_value, transaction_volume, revenue, supply, discount_rate, comparable_protocols |
| `defi_analysis` | DeFi yield analysis (farming, IL, staking, LP) | protocol_name, analysis_type, APR, principal, pool parameters |

### Municipal Bonds

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `muni_bond_pricing` | Municipal bond pricing with tax-equivalent yield | face_value, coupon_rate, bond_type, tax_bracket, call schedule |
| `municipal_analysis` | Municipal credit analysis (GO, revenue, scoring) | analysis_type, financial_data, debt_ratios, coverage metrics |

### Structured Products

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `structured_note_pricing` | Structured note pricing (capital-protected, yield enhancement) | note_type, face_value, maturity, underlying parameters |
| `exotic_product_pricing` | Exotic products (autocallable, barrier, digital) | product_type, underlying, barriers, observation schedule |

### Trade Finance

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `letter_of_credit` | LC pricing and risk assessment | lc_type, amount, tenor, issuing_bank, risk factors |
| `supply_chain_finance` | Supply chain finance (reverse factoring, forfaiting) | analysis_type, invoice parameters, discount rates |

### Onshore Fund Structures

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `us_fund_structure` | US onshore fund structure analysis (Delaware LP, LLC, REIT, MLP, BDC, QOZ) with tax analysis, ERISA compliance, investor suitability | structure_type, fund_size, strategy, investor_types, state, target_return, leverage_ratio, erisa_plan_assets_pct, qoz_investment_pct |
| `uk_eu_fund_structure` | UK/EU onshore fund structure analysis (UK LP/LLP, OEIC, ACS, SICAV, FCP, KG) with AIFMD passport, VAT analysis, cross-border marketing | structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, investor_types, aifmd_status, marketing_jurisdictions, vat_status |

### Offshore Fund Structures

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `cayman_fund_structure` | Cayman/BVI offshore fund structure (Exempted LP, SPC, Unit Trust, BVI BCA) with master-feeder economics, CIMA registration, economic substance | structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, master_feeder, feeder_jurisdictions, cima_category, economic_substance_activities |
| `lux_ireland_fund_structure` | Luxembourg/Ireland fund structure (SICAV-SIF, RAIF, SCSp, ICAV, QIAIF, Section 110) with subscription tax, AIFMD passport, UCITS analysis | structure_type, domicile, fund_size, strategy, regulatory_status, subscription_tax_rate, aifmd_passport, ucits_compliant, target_investors |

### Transfer Pricing

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `beps_compliance` | OECD BEPS compliance analysis: CbCR reporting, Pillar Two GloBE 15% minimum tax, functional analysis, profit/substance alignment, risk scoring | entity_name, jurisdictions, revenue_by_jurisdiction, profit_by_jurisdiction, employees_by_jurisdiction, tangible_assets_by_jurisdiction, related_party_transactions, effective_tax_rates |
| `intercompany_pricing` | Transfer pricing analysis: CUP, RPM, CPLM, TNMM, Profit Split methods with arm's length range, CFC analysis (Subpart F/GILTI/ATAD), GAAR assessment | transaction_type, related_parties, transaction_value, pricing_method, comparable_data, functional_analysis, cfc_rules_applicable, jurisdiction_pair |

### Tax Treaty

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `treaty_network` | Tax treaty network analysis: WHT optimization, treaty conduit routing, LOB/PPT anti-avoidance scoring, entity-specific exemptions | source_jurisdiction, target_jurisdiction, income_type, entity_type, treaty_benefits_claimed, intermediary_jurisdictions, substance_indicators |
| `treaty_structure_optimization` | Multi-jurisdiction holding structure optimization: participation exemption, IP box, interest deduction limits, PE risk assessment, substance cost-benefit | parent_jurisdiction, operating_jurisdictions, holding_candidates, income_streams, ip_locations, debt_quantum, substance_requirements, annual_costs |

### FATCA/CRS

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `fatca_crs_reporting` | Analyze FATCA/CRS reporting obligations | institution, IGA model, account types, GIIN status |
| `entity_classification` | Classify entities under FATCA/CRS | entity type, income/asset ratios, controlling persons |

### Substance Requirements

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `economic_substance` | Score economic substance compliance | jurisdiction, entity type, employees, premises, CIGA |
| `jurisdiction_substance_test` | Run jurisdiction-specific substance tests | jurisdictions, comparison mode, treaty reliance |

### Regulatory Reporting

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `aifmd_reporting` | Generate AIFMD Annex IV report | AUM, funds, leverage, stress tests, liquidity |
| `sec_cftc_reporting` | Generate SEC Form PF / CFTC CPO-PQR | regulatory AUM, fund details, counterparties |

### AML Compliance

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `kyc_risk_assessment` | Assess KYC/AML risk scoring | customer type, jurisdiction, PEP status, transactions |
| `sanctions_screening` | Screen against sanctions lists | entities, lists to check, threshold, transaction details |

### Fund of Funds

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `j_curve_model` | J-curve fund lifecycle: cash flow projection, TVPI/DPI/RVPI, PME (Kaplan-Schoar), net/gross IRR, trough analysis | fund_size, vintage_year, investment_period, fund_life, management_fee, carry_rate, hurdle, drawdown_schedule, exit_multiples, public_market_returns |
| `commitment_pacing` | Commitment pacing: vintage year allocation, drawdown modeling, NAV projection, over-commitment ratio | target_allocation, total_portfolio, vintage_commitments, drawdown_rates, distribution_rates, nav_growth, rebalancing_frequency |
| `manager_selection` | Manager due diligence: performance scoring, persistence analysis, alpha estimation, qualitative rating | manager_name, fund_returns, benchmark_returns, peer_quartiles, team_stability, strategy, operational_dd_scores |
| `secondaries_pricing` | Secondaries pricing: NAV discount, unfunded PV, IRR sensitivity at multiple exit multiples, breakeven | fund_nav, unfunded_commitment, remaining_life, expected_distributions, discount_rate, exit_multiple_scenarios |
| `fof_portfolio` | Fund of funds portfolio: diversification by strategy/vintage/geography, HHI, constraint monitoring | funds (name, strategy, vintage, geography, nav, commitment), constraints, rebalancing_targets |

### Bank Analytics

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `nim_analysis` | Net interest margin analysis: NIM calculation, rate/volume decomposition, asset/liability mix contribution, interest rate gap | interest_income, interest_expense, earning_assets, interest_bearing_liabilities, asset_mix, liability_mix, repricing_buckets, rate_scenarios |
| `camels_rating` | CAMELS bank rating: Capital adequacy, Asset quality, Management, Earnings, Liquidity, Sensitivity composite score (1-5) | cet1_ratio, tier1_ratio, total_capital_ratio, npl_ratio, provision_coverage, roa, roe, efficiency_ratio, lcr, nsfr, loan_to_deposit, rate_sensitivity, governance_scores |
| `cecl_provisioning` | CECL/IFRS 9 expected credit loss: multi-scenario weighted ECL by segment, stage classification, lifetime vs 12-month provision | loan_segments, pd_by_segment, lgd_by_segment, ead_by_segment, scenarios (base/upside/downside), scenario_weights, stage_classification, methodology (CECL/IFRS9) |
| `deposit_beta` | Deposit beta analysis: pass-through rate estimation, cumulative beta, asymmetry analysis (up vs down cycles), repricing lag | deposit_rates_history, policy_rates_history, deposit_types, observation_periods, cycle_direction |
| `loan_book_analysis` | Loan book analysis: sector/geography concentration (HHI), NPL analysis, provision adequacy, weighted average rate and maturity | loans (sector, geography, outstanding, rate, maturity, status, provision), benchmark_npl_ratios |

### Carbon Markets

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `carbon_credit_pricing` | Carbon credit pricing: forward price via cost-of-carry, vintage discount, registry premium, credit type adjustment | spot_price, risk_free_rate, tenor, vintage_year, registry, credit_type (compliance/voluntary), storage_cost, seasonal_factors |
| `ets_compliance` | ETS compliance analysis: allowance surplus/deficit, compliance cost, price volatility, carbon intensity vs benchmark | free_allocation, purchased_allowances, surrendered, verified_emissions, carbon_price_scenarios, sector_benchmark_intensity, revenue |
| `cbam_analysis` | EU CBAM analysis: certificate cost per good, net CBAM liability after origin carbon price credit, total exposure | goods (type, quantity, embedded_emissions), eu_ets_price, origin_carbon_prices, origin_jurisdictions, reporting_period |
| `offset_valuation` | Carbon offset valuation: quality-adjusted price, permanence/additionality/vintage/certification adjustments, co-benefit premium | base_price, permanence_score, additionality_score, vintage_year, certification_standard, co_benefits (social, biodiversity), project_type |
| `shadow_carbon_price` | Shadow carbon price analysis: carbon-adjusted NPV, abatement cost, project ranking with/without carbon pricing, breakeven carbon price | projects (name, npv, annual_emissions, abatement_cost), shadow_price_scenarios, discount_rate, time_horizon |

### Private Wealth

| MCP Tool | Purpose | Key Inputs |
|----------|---------|------------|
| `concentrated_stock` | Concentrated stock analysis: collar, exchange fund, prepaid forward, charitable strategies with tax-adjusted after-tax comparison | stock_position (shares, price, cost_basis), strategies (collar, exchange_fund, prepaid_forward, charitable), tax_rates, holding_period, volatility |
| `philanthropic_vehicles` | Philanthropic vehicle comparison: CRT, CLT, DAF, private foundation with tax deduction, income stream, and remainder analysis | donation_amount, asset_type, tax_bracket, vehicles (CRT, CLT, DAF, foundation), discount_rate, payout_rate, term_years |
| `wealth_transfer` | Wealth transfer planning: estate tax, GST, annual exclusion, GRAT, grantor trust, dynasty trust, ILIT analysis with tax savings | estate_value, gift_amount, trust_types (GRAT, grantor, dynasty, ILIT), section_7520_rate, exemption_used, annual_exclusion_recipients, life_insurance_face |
| `direct_indexing` | Direct indexing analysis: tax-loss harvesting opportunities, wash sale compliance, tracking error, after-tax alpha estimation | portfolio_positions (ticker, shares, cost_basis, market_value, acquisition_date), target_index, tax_rates, wash_sale_window, rebalancing_frequency |
| `family_governance` | Family governance evaluation: governance score, complexity assessment, structure recommendations, risk identification | family_members, entities (trusts, companies, foundations), jurisdictions, governance_practices, succession_plan, meeting_frequency, documentation_level |

---

## Response Envelope

Every tool returns this structure:

```json
{
  "result": { },
  "methodology": "DCF (FCFF, 2-stage)",
  "assumptions": { },
  "warnings": ["Terminal growth (3.5%) above long-term GDP"],
  "metadata": {
    "version": "0.1.0",
    "computation_time_us": 1200,
    "precision": "rust_decimal_128bit"
  }
}
```

Always check `warnings` — they flag suspicious inputs (beta > 3, ERP > 10%, WACC > 20%, too few comps, etc.).

---

## Tool Chaining Workflows

### Private Credit Analysis

1. `unitranche_pricing` — price unitranche with FOLO split
   - First-out/last-out economics, blended yield, borrower leverage metrics
2. `direct_lending` — model direct loan with PIK toggle and delayed draw
   - Amortisation schedules, rate floors, YTM via Newton-Raphson IRR, credit analytics
3. `syndication_analysis` — analyse loan syndication
   - Pro-rata scaling, arranger economics, participant allocations

### Insurance & Actuarial Analysis

1. `loss_reserving` — estimate IBNR reserves
   - Chain-ladder: volume-weighted age-to-age factors, cumulative development to ultimate
   - Bornhuetter-Ferguson: blends a priori ELR with development for immature years
2. `premium_pricing` — price insurance premium
   - Frequency x severity, trend projections, expense/profit loadings
3. `combined_ratio` — analyse underwriting profitability
   - Loss ratio, expense ratio, combined ratio, operating ratio (with investment income)
4. `solvency_scr` — compute Solvency II capital requirement
   - Premium/reserve risk, operational risk, diversification benefit, MCR floor

### FP&A Analysis

1. `variance_analysis` — analyse budget vs actual
   - Revenue: price/volume/mix decomposition (always sum to total)
   - Cost: favorable/unfavorable by line item
   - YoY comparison with margin expansion in bps
2. `breakeven_analysis` — compute break-even point
   - Contribution margin, break-even units/revenue, DOL, target volume
   - Scenario analysis with price/cost changes
3. `working_capital` — analyse working capital efficiency
   - DSO, DIO, DPO, cash conversion cycle, NWC as % of revenue
   - Trend analysis, optimisation recommendations, peer benchmarking
4. `rolling_forecast` — build driver-based rolling forecast
   - Revenue compounding, COGS/OpEx ratios, FCF projection, CAGR

### Wealth Management

1. `retirement_planning` — plan retirement with accumulation and decumulation phases
   - 4 withdrawal strategies: Constant Dollar, Constant Percentage, Guardrails, RMD
   - Savings gap analysis, real vs nominal values, legacy projection
2. `tax_loss_harvesting` — simulate TLH opportunities
   - Candidate identification, ST/LT classification, wash-sale 30-day rule
   - Tax savings from offsetting gains, carry-forward of excess losses
3. `estate_planning` — analyse estate tax and planning strategies
   - Annual exclusion gifts, lifetime exemption usage, 7 trust types
   - Federal/state estate tax, GST tax on skip-person gifts, ILIT exclusion

### Restructuring & Distressed Debt

1. `recovery_analysis` — Absolute Priority Rule (APR) waterfall
   - Claim classes: DIP, admin, secured (1st/2nd lien), senior, sub, mezzanine, equity
   - Collateral deficiency -> unsecured deficiency claim
   - Fulcrum security identification, going-concern vs liquidation analysis
2. `distressed_debt_analysis` — restructuring plan analysis
   - Treatment types: reinstate, amend, exchange, equity conversion, cash paydown
   - Fulcrum identification with mispricing detection
   - IRR at market price, credit bid value, DIP analysis

### Real Assets

1. `property_valuation` — real estate valuation
   - Direct capitalisation (NOI / cap rate), DCF with exit cap rate, GRM from comparables
   - Leveraged returns: mortgage amortisation, DSCR, cash-on-cash, equity multiple, levered IRR
2. `project_finance_model` — infrastructure project finance
   - Construction + operating phases with debt sculpting (level/sculpted/bullet)
   - DSCR, LLCR, PLCR coverage ratios
   - Distribution waterfall: CFADS -> senior -> sub -> DSRA -> equity

### Venture Capital Analysis

1. `venture_dilution` — model round-by-round dilution with option pool shuffle
   - Pre-money/post-money, option pool created pre-money (dilutes founders, not investor)
2. `convertible_instrument` — analyse SAFE or convertible note conversion
   - Cap vs discount (take the more favorable), accrued interest, MFN provisions
3. `venture_fund_returns` — analyse fund performance
   - J-curve, TVPI/DPI/RVPI, carry above hurdle, loss ratio, portfolio concentration

### ESG & Climate Analysis

1. `esg_score` — compute ESG score with sector-specific materiality
   - 9 sector-specific weighting schemes, 7-level rating bands (AAA->CCC)
2. `carbon_footprint` — analyse Scope 1/2/3 emissions and intensity
3. `green_bond` — assess green bond framework alignment
4. `sll_covenants` — test sustainability-linked loan KPI performance

### Regulatory Capital Analysis

1. `basel_capital` — compute Basel III capital ratios
   - Standardised approach risk weights, operational risk (BIA/SA), CRM via collateral
2. `lcr_nsfr` — compute liquidity ratios
   - LCR: HQLA with L2 cap (40%), L2B cap (15%), inflow cap (75%)
   - NSFR: ASF/RSF factors by category
3. `alm_analysis` — asset-liability management
   - Repricing/maturity gap analysis, NII sensitivity, EVE duration of equity

### Compliance Analysis

1. `best_execution` — MiFID II best execution assessment
   - Perold implementation shortfall: decision price vs execution price decomposition
   - Delay cost: market drift between decision and execution
   - Market impact: price movement caused by order execution
   - Timing cost: explicit + implicit cost breakdown
   - Execution quality score: composite rating vs benchmark
   - Venue analysis: execution quality comparison across venues
2. `gips_report` — GIPS-compliant performance reporting
   - Modified Dietz: time-weighted return with cash flow weighting
   - Geometric linking: chain-link sub-period returns for composite periods
   - Composite dispersion: asset-weighted standard deviation across accounts
   - Risk statistics: Sharpe ratio, Information ratio, tracking error
   - GIPS compliance checklist: mandatory disclosure items verification
   - Annualization: geometric annualization for periods > 1 year
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Implementation shortfall < 25bp: good execution quality
   - Market impact < 10bp: low-impact execution
   - GIPS requires 5+ years of history (or since inception if shorter)
   - Composite dispersion < 200bp: consistent management across accounts

### Credit Derivatives Analysis

1. `cds_pricing` — price a CDS with discrete hazard-rate model
   - Survival probabilities, risky PV01, premium/protection leg PVs
   - Breakeven spread, DV01, jump-to-default exposure
   - Mark-to-market with market spread vs contract spread
2. `cva_calculation` — compute CVA/DVA for counterparty risk
   - Unilateral CVA (counterparty only) and bilateral CVA (CVA - DVA)
   - Netting benefit reduces gross exposure; collateral threshold caps remaining
   - CVA as running spread in basis points

### Convertible Bond Analysis

1. `convertible_bond_pricing` — price convertible with CRR binomial tree
   - Bond floor (straight debt value), conversion value (stock x ratio)
   - Conversion premium, investment premium, embedded option value
   - Greeks: delta (stock sensitivity), gamma, vega (vol sensitivity), theta (time decay)
   - Call/put provisions: callable CB capped at call price, puttable CB floored at put price
2. `convertible_bond_analysis` — scenario analysis for convertibles
   - Stock sensitivity: price across range of stock prices
   - Vol sensitivity: value changes with volatility
   - Spread sensitivity: credit spread impact
   - Forced conversion analysis: in-the-money call trigger
   - Income advantage: bond yield vs stock dividend with breakeven years

### Lease Accounting Analysis

1. `lease_classification` — classify under ASC 842 or IFRS 16
   - Five-test classification: ownership transfer, purchase option, specialized asset, 75% economic life, 90% fair value
   - Finance lease: effective interest method for liability, separate depreciation for ROU
   - Operating lease (ASC 842): single straight-line expense
   - IFRS 16: all leases treated as finance (no operating classification for lessee)
   - Full amortization schedule with monthly detail
2. `sale_leaseback_analysis` — analyse sale-leaseback transactions
   - Qualifying sale: gain/loss with retained right ratio adjustment
   - Failed sale: financing obligation treatment (asset stays on books)
   - Above-FMV: excess deferred as financing component

### Pension & LDI Analysis

1. `pension_funding` — comprehensive DB pension analysis
   - PBO (projected with salary growth) vs ABO (current salaries)
   - Unit credit method with discount factor and salary projection
   - Funded status (assets - PBO), funding ratio (assets / PBO)
   - Service cost, interest cost, expected return on assets, NPPC
   - Minimum required contribution and maximum deductible
   - Liability by age cohort with duration estimates
2. `ldi_strategy` — design liability-driven investing strategy
   - Duration gap analysis: asset duration vs liability-weighted duration
   - Hedging portfolio construction: instrument selection to match liability duration
   - Immunization assessment: duration + convexity matching
   - Surplus-at-risk: P&L impact from 1% rate shift
   - Glide-path schedule: transition from growth to hedging allocation

### Sovereign Risk Analysis

1. `sovereign_bond_analysis` — analyse sovereign bonds
   - Pricing with sovereign spread decomposition (credit, liquidity, FX risk)
   - YTM, duration, convexity for sovereign securities
   - Local currency risk premium: inflation differential, FX volatility adjustment
   - Cross-currency comparison: USD, EUR, GBP, EM local currency
2. `country_risk_assessment` — assess sovereign/country risk
   - 12-factor scoring model: GDP growth, inflation, fiscal balance, debt/GDP, current account, FX reserves, political stability, rule of law, external debt, short-term debt/reserves, default history, dollarization
   - Implied credit rating equivalent from composite score
   - Country risk premium (CRP) for use in WACC calculations
   - Default probability estimation from sovereign CDS-equivalent spreads
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - AAA sovereign: debt/GDP < 60%, reserves > 6 months imports, no default history
   - EM investment grade: fiscal deficit < 3%, current account deficit < 4%
   - CRP: 0bp (AAA) to 800bp+ (distressed sovereign)

### Real Options Analysis

1. `real_option_valuation` — value real options via CRR binomial tree
   - 6 option types: Expand (scale up), Abandon (exit), Defer (wait), Switch (change mode), Contract (scale down), Compound (option on option)
   - Greeks: delta (sensitivity to underlying), gamma, vega (vol sensitivity), theta (time decay)
   - Expansion factor: underlying x factor if exercised; contraction factor: underlying x factor if contracted
   - Switch cost: cost to switch operating mode; switch value ratio: new mode value as ratio of current
2. `decision_tree_analysis` — decision tree with EMV rollback
   - Node types: Decision (choose best child), Chance (probability-weighted), Terminal (payoff)
   - Expected Monetary Value (EMV) rollback from terminal nodes to root
   - EVPI (Expected Value of Perfect Information): value of eliminating uncertainty
   - Sensitivity analysis on key probabilities
   - Optimal path identification through the tree
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Real option premium typically 10-30% above static NPV for volatile projects
   - Defer option most valuable when uncertainty high and irreversibility high
   - EVPI > 20% of EMV suggests high value in additional market research

### Equity Research Analysis

1. `sotp_valuation` — sum-of-the-parts valuation
   - 6 valuation methods per segment: EV/EBITDA, P/E, EV/Revenue, EV/EBIT, DCF, NAV-Based
   - Conglomerate discount: holding company discount on total enterprise value
   - Football field: min/base/max range from comparable multiple ranges
   - Per-share equity value: (total EV - net debt - minorities + unconsolidated) / shares
2. `target_price` — multi-method target price derivation
   - PE, PEG, P/B, P/S, DDM (dividend discount model) valuations simultaneously
   - Peer-relative: median and mean of peer multiples for each method
   - Football field: visual range of all method-derived target prices
   - Recommendation: Strong Buy / Buy / Hold / Sell / Strong Sell based on upside/downside
   - Analyst consensus: incorporate external analyst targets if available
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Conglomerate discount: typically 10-25% for diversified companies
   - SOTP unlocks value when market undervalues high-growth segments
   - Target price spread > 30% across methods = high uncertainty

### Commodity Trading Analysis

1. `commodity_spread` — analyse commodity processing/calendar/location spreads
   - 6 spread types: Crack (oil->products), Crush (soy->meal+oil), Spark (gas->power), Calendar (near vs far), Location (basis), Quality (grade differential)
   - Gross processing margin: output revenue - input cost - processing cost
   - Historical spread analysis: mean, standard deviation, z-score, percentile
   - Risk metrics: VaR, margin at risk, worst-case loss
2. `storage_economics` — commodity storage and carry analysis
   - Contango/backwardation decomposition across term structure
   - Implied convenience yield at each tenor
   - Cash-and-carry arbitrage: buy spot + store + sell forward; net profit = spread - carry cost
   - Seasonal factors: injection/withdrawal patterns (natural gas, agricultural)
   - Storage capacity utilization and injection/withdrawal rate constraints
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Crack spread (3-2-1): typical $5-20/bbl; negative signals refinery distress
   - Calendar spread z-score > 2: potential mean-reversion opportunity
   - Storage full-carry = spot + finance + storage + insurance; anything above = super-contango

### Treasury Management Analysis

1. `cash_management` — corporate treasury cash management
   - Month-by-month cash flow simulation over 12-month horizon
   - Sweep logic: excess above threshold invested at money-market rate
   - Facility draw: shortfall below minimum buffer drawn from revolving credit
   - Cash conversion cycle: DSO + DIO - DPO (overall efficiency measure)
   - Liquidity scoring: weighted assessment of cash buffer, facility headroom, CCC
   - Investment income from surplus cash, interest expense from facility draws
2. `hedge_effectiveness` — hedge accounting effectiveness testing
   - Dollar offset method: hedge change / exposure change (IAS 39: 80-125% range)
   - OLS regression: R-squared and slope for retrospective assessment (IFRS 9: R-squared > 0.80)
   - IAS 39 compliance: both dollar offset within 80-125% AND R-squared > 0.80
   - IFRS 9 compliance: qualitative + quantitative (R-squared > 0.80 sufficient)
   - VaR impact: hedged vs unhedged VaR at specified confidence level
   - Inverse normal via Abramowitz & Stegun approximation for VaR quantile
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Minimum cash buffer: typically 2-3 months operating expenses
   - CCC < 30 days: excellent; 30-60: good; > 90: needs improvement
   - Hedge ratio > 0.95 and R-squared > 0.90 = highly effective hedge

### Infrastructure Finance Analysis

1. `ppp_model` — public-private partnership financial model
   - 3 revenue models: Availability Payment (government pays), Demand-Based (tolls), Mixed
   - Year-by-year projection: revenue, opex, EBITDA, debt service, CFADS, equity distributions
   - Coverage ratios: DSCR (annual), LLCR (loan-life), PLCR (project-life)
   - Value for Money (VfM) score: PPP cost vs Public Sector Comparator
   - Risk allocation matrix: construction, demand, availability, maintenance, financing
   - Equity IRR via Newton-Raphson, project NPV at WACC
2. `concession_valuation` — infrastructure concession valuation
   - Year-by-year projections through remaining concession life
   - Handback cost provisioning in final years before concession end
   - Extension option value: probability-weighted additional cash flows
   - Equity IRR, project NPV, coverage ratios
   - Comparable metrics: EV/EBITDA, EV/capacity, EV/traffic
3. **Key benchmarks**:
   - Target equity IRR: 12-18% for infrastructure PPP
   - Minimum DSCR: 1.20x (

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