# Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities Reference

> Core Workflow

- Skill: `odjaramillo/top-100-web-vulnerabilities-reference-2` (Agent Skill)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add odjaramillo/top-100-web-vulnerabilities-reference-2`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/odjaramillo/top-100-web-vulnerabilities-reference-2/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Category: AI & ML
- Author: odjaramillo (https://skillmd.com/u/odjaramillo)
- Updated: 2026-09-17
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/odjaramillo/top-100-web-vulnerabilities-reference-2

---


## Core Workflow

### Phase 1: Injection Vulnerabilities Assessment

Evaluate injection attack vectors targeting data processing components:

**SQL Injection (1)**
- Definition: Malicious SQL code inserted into input fields to manipulate database queries
- Root Cause: Lack of input validation, improper use of parameterized queries
- Impact: Unauthorized data access, data manipulation, database compromise
- Mitigation: Use parameterized queries/prepared statements, input validation, least privilege database accounts

**Cross-Site Scripting - XSS (2)**
- Definition: Injection of malicious scripts into web pages viewed by other users
- Root Cause: Insufficient output encoding, lack of input sanitization
- Impact: Session hijacking, credential theft, website defacement
- Mitigation: Output encoding, Content Security Policy (CSP), input sanitization

**Command Injection (5, 11)**
- Definition: Execution of arbitrary system commands through vulnerable applications
- Root Cause: Unsanitized user input passed to system shells
- Impact: Full system compromise, data exfiltration, lateral movement
- Mitigation: Avoid shell execution, whitelist valid commands, strict input validation

**XML Injection (6), LDAP Injection (7), XPath Injection (8)**
- Definition: Manipulation of XML/LDAP/XPath queries through malicious input
- Root Cause: Improper input handling in query construction
- Impact: Data exposure, authentication bypass, information disclosure
- Mitigation: Input validation, parameterized queries, escape special characters

**Server-Side Template Injection - SSTI (13)**
- Definition: Injection of malicious code into template engines
- Root Cause: User input embedded directly in template expressions
- Impact: Remote code execution, server compromise
- Mitigation: Sandbox template engines, avoid user input in templates, strict input validation

### Phase 2: Authentication and Session Security

Assess authentication mechanism weaknesses:

**Session Fixation (14)**
- Definition: Attacker sets victim's session ID before authentication
- Root Cause: Session ID not regenerated after login
- Impact: Session hijacking, unauthorized account access
- Mitigation: Regenerate session ID on authentication, use secure session management

**Brute Force Attack (15)**
- Definition: Systematic password guessing using automated tools
- Root Cause: Lack of account lockout, rate limiting, or CAPTCHA
- Impact: Unauthorized access, credential compromise
- Mitigation: Account lockout policies, rate limiting, MFA, CAPTCHA

**Session Hijacking (16)**
- Definition: Attacker steals or predicts valid session tokens
- Root Cause: Weak session token generation, insecure transmission
- Impact: Account takeover, unauthorized access
- Mitigation: Secure random token generation, HTTPS, HttpOnly/Secure cookie flags

**Credential Stuffing and Reuse (22)**
- Definition: Using leaked credentials to access accounts across services
- Root Cause: Users reusing passwords, no breach detection
- Impact: Mass account compromise, data breaches
- Mitigation: MFA, breach password checks, unique credential requirements

**Insecure "Remember Me" Functionality (85)**
- Definition: Weak persistent authentication token implementation
- Root Cause: Predictable tokens, inadequate expiration controls
- Impact: Unauthorized persistent access, session compromise
- Mitigation: Strong token generation, proper expiration, secure storage

**CAPTCHA Bypass (86)**
- Definition: Circumventing bot detection mechanisms
- Root Cause: Weak CAPTCHA algorithms, improper validation
- Impact: Automated attacks, credential stuffing, spam
- Mitigation: reCAPTCHA v3, layered bot detection, rate limiting

### Phase 3: Sensitive Data Exposure

Identify data protection failures:

**IDOR - Insecure Direct Object References (23, 42)**
- Definition: Direct access to internal objects via user-supplied references
- Root Cause: Missing authorization checks on object access
- Impact: Unauthorized data access, privacy breaches
- Mitigation: Access control validation, indirect reference maps, authorization checks

**Data Leakage (24)**
- Definition: Inadvertent disclosure of sensitive information
- Root Cause: Inadequate data protection, weak access controls
- Impact: Privacy breaches, regulatory penalties, reputation damage
- Mitigation: DLP solutions, encryption, access controls, security training

**Unencrypted Data Storage (25)**
- Definition: Storing sensitive data without encryption
- Root Cause: Failure to implement encryption at rest
- Impact: Data breaches if storage compromised
- Mitigation: Full-disk encryption, database encryption, secure key management

**Information Disclosure (33)**
- Definition: Exposure of system details through error messages or responses
- Root Cause: Verbose error handling, debug information in production
- Impact: Reconnaissance for further attacks, credential exposure
- Mitigation: Generic error messages, disable debug mode, secure logging

### Phase 4: Security Misconfiguration

Assess configuration weaknesses:

**Missing Security Headers (26)**
- Definition: Absence of protective HTTP headers (CSP, X-Frame-Options, HSTS)
- Root Cause: Inadequate server configuration
- Impact: XSS attacks, clickjacking, protocol downgrade
- Mitigation: Implement CSP, X-Content-Type-Options, X-Frame-Options, HSTS

**Default Passwords (28)**
- Definition: Unchanged default credentials on systems/applications
- Root Cause: Failure to change vendor defaults
- Impact: Unauthorized access, system compromise
- Mitigation: Mandatory password changes, strong password policies

**Directory Listing (29)**
- Definition: Web server exposes directory contents
- Root Cause: Improper server configuration
- Impact: Information disclosure, sensitive file exposure
- Mitigation: Disable directory indexing, use default index files

**Unprotected API Endpoints (30)**
- Definition: APIs lacking authentication or authorization
- Root Cause: Missing security controls on API routes
- Impact: Unauthorized data access, API abuse
- Mitigation: OAuth/API keys, access controls, rate limiting

**Open Ports and Services (31)**
- Definition: Unnecessary network services exposed
- Root Cause: Failure to minimize attack surface
- Impact: Exploitation of vulnerable services
- Mitigation: Port scanning audits, firewall rules, service minimization

**Misconfigured CORS (35)**
- Definition: Overly permissive Cross-Origin Resource Sharing policies
- Root Cause: Wildcard origins, improper CORS configuration
- Impact: Cross-site request attacks, data theft
- Mitigation: Whitelist trusted origins, validate CORS headers

**Unpatched Software (34)**
- Definition: Systems running outdated vulnerable software
- Root Cause: Neglected patch management
- Impact: Exploitation of known vulnerabilities
- Mitigation: Patch management program, vulnerability scanning, automated updates

### Phase 5: XML-Related Vulnerabilities

Evaluate XML processing security:

**XXE - XML External Entity Injection (37)**
- Definition: Exploitation of XML parsers to access files or internal systems
- Root Cause: External entity processing enabled
- Impact: File disclosure, SSRF, denial of service
- Mitigation: Disable external entities, use safe XML parsers

**XEE - XML Entity Expansion (38)**
- Definition: Excessive entity expansion causing resource exhaustion
- Root Cause: Unlimited entity expansion allowed
- Impact: Denial of service, parser crashes
- Mitigation: Limit entity expansion, configure parser restrictions

**XML Bomb (Billion Laughs) (39)**
- Definition: Crafted XML with nested entities consuming resources
- Root Cause: Recursive entity definitions
- Impact: Memory exhaustion, denial of service
- Mitigation: Entity expansion limits, input size restrictions

**XML Denial of Service (65)**
- Definition: Specially crafted XML causing excessive processing
- Root Cause: Complex document structures without limits
- Impact: CPU/memory exhaustion, service unavailability
- Mitigation: Schema validation, size limits, processing timeouts

### Phase 6: Broken Access Control

Assess authorization enforcement:

**Inadequate Authorization (40)**
- Definition: Failure to properly enforce access controls
- Root Cause: Weak authorization policies, missing checks
- Impact: Unauthorized access to sensitive resources
- Mitigation: RBAC, centralized IAM, regular access reviews

**Privilege Escalation (41)**
- Definition: Gaining elevated access beyond intended permissions
- Root Cause: Misconfigured permissions, system vulnerabilities
- Impact: Full system compromise, data manipulation
- Mitigation: Least privilege, regular patching, privilege monitoring

**Forceful Browsing (43)**
- Definition: Direct URL manipulation to access restricted resources
- Root Cause: Weak access controls, predictable URLs
- Impact: Unauthorized file/directory access
- Mitigation: Server-side access controls, unpredictable resource paths

**Missing Function-Level Access Control (44)**
- Definition: Unprotected administrative or privileged functions
- Root Cause: Authorization only at UI level
- Impact: Unauthorized function execution
- Mitigation: Server-side authorization for all functions, RBAC

### Phase 7: Insecure Deserialization

Evaluate object serialization security:

**Remote Code Execution via Deserialization (45)**
- Definition: Arbitrary code execution through malicious serialized objects
- Root Cause: Untrusted data deserialized without validation
- Impact: Complete system compromise, code execution
- Mitigation: Avoid deserializing untrusted data, integrity checks, type validation

**Data Tampering (46)**
- Definition: Unauthorized modification of serialized data
- Root Cause: Missing integrity verification
- Impact: Data corruption, privilege manipulation
- Mitigation: Digital signatures, HMAC validation, encryption

**Object Injection (47)**
- Definition: Malicious object instantiation during deserialization
- Root Cause: Unsafe deserialization practices
- Impact: Code execution, unauthorized access
- Mitigation: Type restrictions, class whitelisting, secure libraries

### Phase 8: API Security Assessment

Evaluate API-specific vulnerabilities:

**Insecure API Endpoints (48)**
- Definition: APIs without proper security controls
- Root Cause: Poor API design, missing authentication
- Impact: Data breaches, unauthorized access
- Mitigation: OAuth/JWT, HTTPS, input validation, rate limiting

**API Key Exposure (49)**
- Definition: Leaked or exposed API credentials
- Root Cause: Hardcoded keys, insecure storage
- Impact: Unauthorized API access, abuse
- Mitigation: Secure key storage, rotation, environment variables

**Lack of Rate Limiting (50)**
- Definition: No controls on API request frequency
- Root Cause: Missing throttling mechanisms
- Impact: DoS, API abuse, resource exhaustion
- Mitigation: Rate limits per user/IP, throttling, DDoS protection

**Inadequate Input Validation (51)**
- Definition: APIs accepting unvalidated user input
- Root Cause: Missing server-side validation
- Impact: Injection attacks, data corruption
- Mitigation: Strict validation, parameterized queries, WAF

**API Abuse (75)**
- Definition: Exploiting API functionality for malicious purposes
- Root Cause: Excessive trust in client input
- Impact: Data theft, account takeover, service abuse
- Mitigation: Strong authentication, behavior analysis, anomaly detection

### Phase 9: Communication Security

Assess transport layer protections:

**Man-in-the-Middle Attack (52)**
- Definition: Interception of communication between parties
- Root Cause: Unencrypted channels, compromised networks
- Impact: Data theft, session hijacking, impersonation
- Mitigation: TLS/SSL, certificate pinning, mutual authentication

**Insufficient Transport Layer Security (53)**
- Definition: Weak or outdated encryption for data in transit
- Root Cause: Outdated protocols (SSLv2/3), weak ciphers
- Impact: Traffic interception, credential theft
- Mitigation: TLS 1.2+, strong cipher suites, HSTS

**Insecure SSL/TLS Configuration (54)**
- Definition: Improperly configured encryption settings
- Root Cause: Weak ciphers, missing forward secrecy
- Impact: Traffic decryption, MITM attacks
- Mitigation: Modern cipher suites, PFS, certificate validation

**Insecure Communication Protocols (55)**
- Definition: Use of unencrypted protocols (HTTP, Telnet, FTP)
- Root Cause: Legacy systems, security unawareness
- Impact: Traffic sniffing, credential exposure
- Mitigation: HTTPS, SSH, SFTP, VPN tunnels

### Phase 10: Client-Side Vulnerabilities

Evaluate browser-side security:

**DOM-based XSS (56)**
- Definition: XSS through client-side JavaScript manipulation
- Root Cause: Unsafe DOM manipulation with user input
- Impact: Session theft, credential harvesting
- Mitigation: Safe DOM APIs, CSP, input sanitization

**Insecure Cross-Origin Communication (57)**
- Definition: Improper handling of cross-origin requests
- Root Cause: Relaxed CORS/SOP policies
- Impact: Data leakage, CSRF attacks
- Mitigation: Strict CORS, CSRF tokens, origin validation

**Browser Cache Poisoning (58)**
- Definition: Manipulation of cached content
- Root Cause: Weak cache validation
- Impact: Malicious content delivery
- Mitigation: Cache-Control headers, HTTPS, integrity checks

**Clickjacking (59, 71)**
- Definition: UI redress attack tricking users into clicking hidden elements
- Root Cause: Missing frame protection
- Impact: Unintended actions, credential theft
- Mitigation: X-Frame-Options, CSP frame-ancestors, frame-busting

**HTML5 Security Issues (60)**
- Definition: Vulnerabilities in HTML5 APIs (WebSockets, Storage, Geolocation)
- Root Cause: Improper API usage, insufficient validation
- Impact: Data leakage, XSS, privacy violations
- Mitigation: Secure API usage, input validation, sandboxing

### Phase 11: Denial of Service Assessment

Evaluate availability threats:

**DDoS - Distributed Denial of Service (61)**
- Definition: Overwhelming systems with traffic from multiple sources
- Root Cause: Botnets, amplification attacks
- Impact: Service unavailability, revenue loss
- Mitigation: DDoS protection services, rate limiting, CDN

**Application Layer DoS (62)**
- Definition: Targeting application logic to exhaust resources
- Root Cause: Inefficient code, resource-intensive operations
- Impact: Application unavailability, degraded performance
- Mitigation: Rate limiting, caching, WAF, code optimization

**Resource Exhaustion (63)**
- Definition: Depleting CPU, memory, disk, or network resources
- Root Cause: Inefficient resource management
- Impact: System crashes, service degradation
- Mitigation: Resource quotas, monitoring, load balancing

**Slowloris Attack (64)**
- Definition: Keeping connections open with partial HTTP requests
- Root Cause: No connection timeouts
- Impact: Web server resource exhaustion
- Mitigation: Connection timeouts, request limits, reverse proxy

### Phase 12: Server-Side Request Forgery

Assess SSRF vulnerabilities:

**SSRF - Server-Side Request Forgery (66)**
- Definition: Manipulating server to make requests to internal resources
- Root Cause: Unvalidated user-controlled URLs
- Impact: Internal network access, data theft, cloud metadata access
- Mitigation: URL whitelisting, network segmentation, egress filtering

**Blind SSRF (87)**
- Definition: SSRF without direct response visibility
- Root Cause: Similar to SSRF, harder to detect
- Impact: Data exfiltration, internal reconnaissance
- Mitigation: Allowlists, WAF, network restrictions

**Time-Based Blind SSRF (88)**
- Definition: Inferring SSRF success through response timing
- Root Cause: Processing delays indicating request outcomes
- Impact: Prolonged exploitation, detection evasion
- Mitigation: Request timeouts, anomaly detection, timing monitoring

### Phase 13: Additional Web Vulnerabilities

| # | Vulnerability | Root Cause | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|--------------|-----------|--------|------------|
| 67 | HTTP Parameter Pollution | Inconsistent parsing | Injection, ACL bypass | Strict parsing, validation |
| 68 | Insecure Redirects | Unvalidated targets | Phishing, malware | Whitelist destinations |
| 69 | File Inclusion (LFI/RFI) | Unvalidated paths | Code exec, disclosure | Whitelist files, disable RFI |
| 70 | Security Header Bypass | Misconfigured headers | XSS, clickjacking | Proper headers, audits |
| 72 | Inadequate Session Timeout | Excessive timeouts | Session hijacking | Idle termination, timeouts |
| 73 | Insufficient Logging | Missing infrastructure | Detection gaps | SIEM, alerting |
| 74 | Business Logic Flaws | Insecure design | Fraud, unauthorized ops | Threat modeling, testing |

### Phase 14: Mobile and IoT Security

| # | Vulnerability | Root Cause | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|--------------|-----------|--------|------------|
| 76 | Insecure Mobile Storage | Plain text, weak crypto | Data theft | Keychain/Keystore, encrypt |
| 77 | Insecure Mobile Transmission | HTTP, cert failures | Traffic interception | TLS, cert pinning |
| 78 | Insecure Mobile APIs | Missing auth/validation | Data exposure | OAuth/JWT, validation |
| 79 | App Reverse Engineering | Hardcoded creds | Credential theft | Obfuscation, RASP |
| 80 | IoT Management Issues | Weak auth, no TLS | Device takeover | Strong auth, TLS |
| 81 | Weak IoT Authentication | Default passwords | Unauthorized access | Unique creds, MFA |
| 82 | IoT Vulnerabilities | Design flaws, old firmware | Botnet recruitment | Updates, segmentation |
| 83 | Smart Home Access | Insecure defaults | Privacy invasion | MFA, segmentation |
| 84 | IoT Privacy Issues | Excessive collection | Surveillance | Data minimization |

### Phase 15: Advanced and Zero-Day Threats

| # | Vulnerability | Root Cause | Impact | Mitigation |
|---|--------------|-----------|--------|------------|
| 89 | MIME Sniffing | Missing headers | XSS, spoofing | X-Content-Type-Options |
| 91 | CSP Bypass | Weak config | XSS despite CSP | Strict CSP, nonces |
| 92 | Inconsistent Validation | Decentralized logic | Control bypass | Centralized validation |
| 93 | Race Conditions | Missing sync | Privilege escalation | Proper locking |
| 94-95 | Business Logic Flaws | Missing validation | Financial fraud | Server-side validation |
| 96 | Account Enumeration | Different responses | Targeted attacks | Uniform responses |
| 98-99 | Unpatched Vulnerabilities | Patch delays | Zero-day exploitation | Patch management |
| 100 | Zero-Day Exploits | Unknown vulns | Unmitigated attacks | Defense in depth |

---

## Quick Reference

### Vulnerability Categories Summary

| Category | Vulnerability Numbers | Key Controls |
|----------|----------------------|--------------|
| Injection | 1-13 | Parameterized queries, input validation, output encoding |
| Authentication | 14-23, 85-86 | MFA, session management, account lockout |
| Data Exposure | 24-27 | Encryption at rest/transit, access controls, DLP |
| Misconfiguration | 28-36 | Secure defaults, hardening, patching |
| XML | 37-39, 65 | Disable external entities, limit expansion |
| Access Control | 40-44 | RBAC, least privilege, authorization checks |
| Deserialization | 45-47 | Avoid untrusted data, integrity validation |
| API Security | 48-51, 75 | OAuth, rate limiting, input validation |
| Communication | 52-55 | TLS 1.2+, certificate validation, HTTPS |
| Client-Side | 56-60 | CSP, X-Frame-Options, safe DOM |
| DoS | 61-65 | Rate limiting, DDoS protection, resource limits |
| SSRF | 66, 87-88 | URL whitelisting, egress filtering |
| Mobile/IoT | 76-84 | Encryption, authentication, secure storage |
| Business Logic | 74, 92-97 | Threat modeling, logic testing |
| Zero-Day | 98-100 | Defense in depth, threat intelligence |

### Critical Security Headers

```
Content-Security-Policy: default-src 'self'; script-src 'self'
X-Content-Type-Options: nosniff
X-Frame-Options: DENY
X-XSS-Protection: 1; mode=block
Strict-Transport-Security: max-age=31536000; includeSubDomains
Referrer-Policy: strict-origin-when-cross-origin
Permissions-Policy: geolocation=(), microphone=()
```

### OWASP Top 10 Mapping

| OWASP 2021 | Related Vulnerabilities |
|------------|------------------------|
| A01: Broken Access Control | 40-44, 23, 74 |
| A02: Cryptographic Failures | 24-25, 53-55 |
| A03: Injection | 1-13, 37-39 |
| A04: Insecure Design | 74, 92-97 |
| A05: Security Misconfiguration | 26-36 |
| A06: Vulnerable Components | 34, 98-100 |
| A07: Auth Failures | 14-23, 85-86 |
| A08: Data Integrity | 45-47 |
| A09: Logging Failures | 73 |
| A10: SSRF | 66, 87-88 |

---

## Constraints and Limitations

- Vulnerability definitions represent common patterns; specific implementations vary
- Mitigations must be adapted to technology stack and architecture
- New vulnerabilities emerge continuously; reference should be updated
- Some vulnerabilities overlap across categories (e.g., IDOR appears in multiple contexts)
- Effectiveness of mitigations depends on proper implementation
- Automated scanners cannot detect all vulnerability types (especially business logic)

---

## Troubleshooting

### Common Assessment Challenges

| Challenge | Solution |
|-----------|----------|
| False positives in scanning | Manual verification, contextual analysis |
| Business logic flaws missed | Manual testing, threat modeling, abuse case analysis |
| Encrypted traffic analysis | Proxy configuration, certificate installation |
| WAF blocking tests | Rate adjustment, IP rotation, payload encoding |
| Session handling issues | Cookie management, authentication state tracking |
| API discovery | Swagger/OpenAPI enumeration, traffic analysis |

### Vulnerability Verification Techniques

| Vulnerability Type | Verification Approach |
|-------------------|----------------------|
| Injection | Payload testing with encoded variants |
| XSS | Alert boxes, cookie access, DOM inspection |
| CSRF | Cross-origin form submission testing |
| SSRF | Out-of-band DNS/HTTP callbacks |
| XXE | External entity with controlled server |
| Access Control | Horizontal/vertical privilege testing |
| Authentication | Credential rotation, session analysis |

---

## References

- OWASP Top 10 Web Application Security Risks
- CWE/SANS Top 25 Most Dangerous Software Errors
- OWASP Testing Guide
- OWASP Application Security Verification Standard (ASVS)
- NIST Cybersecurity Framework
- Source: Kumar MS - Top 100 Web Vulnerabilities