# Linux Kernel Modules

> Use when inspecting, loading, unloading, parameterising, persisting, or blacklisting Linux kernel modules on Debian/Ubuntu or RHEL-family hosts. Covers dependencies and initramfs; use linux-sysctl-tuning for measured runtime kernel parameters.

- Skill: `peterbamuhigire/linux-kernel-modules` (Agent Skill, multi-file: 3 files)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add peterbamuhigire/linux-kernel-modules`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/peterbamuhigire/linux-kernel-modules/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Category: Coding & Dev Tools
- License: MIT
- Author: peterbamuhigire (https://skillmd.com/u/peterbamuhigire)
- Updated: 2026-09-17
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/peterbamuhigire/linux-kernel-modules

---

# Kernel Module Management

## Distro support

One-family-tool skill. The module commands (`lsmod`, `modinfo`, `modprobe`,
`modprobe -r`/`rmmod`) and the config directories (`/etc/modules-load.d/`,
`/etc/modprobe.d/`) are part of `kmod` and are **identical on both families**.
The only thing that differs is the command used to **rebuild the initramfs**
after you blacklist or change options for a module that loads at boot. Body
uses the common tooling; substitute the initramfs command per this matrix.

| Concept | Debian/Ubuntu | RHEL family |
|---|---|---|
| List loaded modules | `lsmod` | `lsmod` |
| Module info / params | `modinfo <mod>` | `modinfo <mod>` |
| Load module (+deps) | `modprobe <mod>` | `modprobe <mod>` |
| Unload module | `modprobe -r <mod>` / `rmmod <mod>` | `modprobe -r <mod>` / `rmmod <mod>` |
| Load on boot | `/etc/modules-load.d/<x>.conf` | `/etc/modules-load.d/<x>.conf` |
| Module options | `/etc/modprobe.d/<x>.conf` (`options <mod> ...`) | `/etc/modprobe.d/<x>.conf` (`options <mod> ...`) |
| Blacklist a driver | `/etc/modprobe.d/<x>.conf` (`blacklist <mod>`) | `/etc/modprobe.d/<x>.conf` (`blacklist <mod>`) |
| **Rebuild initramfs** | `sudo update-initramfs -u` | `sudo dracut -f` |

The split matters because `blacklist`/`options` lines in `/etc/modprobe.d/`
are only consulted at boot if they are also baked into the **initramfs** — the
early-userspace image that loads storage and root-filesystem drivers before
`/etc` is available. Editing `/etc/modprobe.d/` alone does not change a module
that the initramfs already loads. Full detail, including the per-family
initramfs mechanics, is in
[`references/module-management.md`](references/module-management.md).

<!-- dual-compat-start -->
## Use When

- Inspecting which drivers/modules are loaded and with what parameters.
- Loading or unloading a kernel module by hand or persisting it across reboots.
- Setting a module option/parameter (e.g. a NIC or sound driver tweak).
- Blacklisting a problematic or conflicting driver.

## Do Not Use When

- The task is sysctl / runtime kernel parameter tuning; use `linux-sysctl-tuning`.
- The task is profiling CPU/IO/perf hot paths; use `linux-perf-profiling`.
- GRUB or initramfs is already broken and the box won't boot; use
  `linux-disaster-recovery`.

## Required Inputs

| Artefact | Required? | Source | If absent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exact module, kernel release, device, desired action, and persistence | yes | Host inventory and operator | Stop before unload/blacklist/options. |
| Dependency/use state and boot/root/network role | mutation | `modinfo`, `lsmod`, device and boot inspection | Inspect only until proven safe. |
| Console access, known-good initramfs, window, and rollback | boot-time change | Change/recovery plan | Do not mutate boot-time modules. |

- The module name(s) involved and what you intend to do (inspect, load,
  unload, set an option, blacklist).
- Whether the change must survive a reboot.
- Whether the module is needed at **boot time** (storage/root-fs, network on a
  headless/remote host) — this decides whether an initramfs rebuild is required
  and raises the safety stakes.

## Capability Contract

Module inspection is read-only. Load/unload, persistent config, blacklist, initramfs rebuild, and reboot require explicit authority. A remote boot-time storage or network change additionally requires working console/out-of-band recovery.

## Degraded Mode

Without host/kernel access, provide inspection commands only. Without dependency, boot-role, or console evidence, refuse unload/blacklist and mark reboot safety unassessed.

## Decision Rules

| Choice | Action | Failure or risk avoided |
|---|---|---|
| Runtime or persistent | Test a safe runtime load/option first; persist only after verification. | Unbootable persistent change. |
| `modprobe -r` or `rmmod` | Prefer `modprobe -r` so dependencies are handled. | Dangling dependent modules. |
| `blacklist` or `install /bin/true` | Use the stronger override only when aliases/dependencies can still autoload and policy requires blocking. | Ineffective blacklist or over-blocking. |
| Initramfs rebuild | Rebuild for modules/options needed before root filesystem mount and retain a known-good image. | Change not applied or boot failure. |

## Workflow

1. Inspect first: `lsmod` to see what is loaded, `modinfo <mod>` for params,
   dependencies, and the file path.
2. Make the change — load/unload at runtime, or write a `/etc/modules-load.d/`
   or `/etc/modprobe.d/` file for persistence.
3. If you blacklisted or changed options for a **boot-time** module, rebuild
   the initramfs (`update-initramfs -u` / `dracut -f`).
4. Verify: re-run `lsmod`, confirm the parameter under
   `/sys/module/<mod>/parameters/`, and (for boot-time changes) confirm a
   clean reboot — ideally with console/out-of-band access available.

5. Stop if the module owns root storage/networking or console recovery is unavailable; recover through the known-good initramfs/kernel entry, remove the drop-in, and re-verify the device.

## Quality Standards

- Always `modinfo` and `lsmod` before unloading or blacklisting.
- Persist intent in `/etc/modprobe.d/` or `/etc/modules-load.d/` rather than
  relying on one-off runtime `modprobe` commands.
- Treat any boot-time module change as a change that requires an initramfs
  rebuild and a tested reboot.

## Anti-Patterns

- Blacklisting a guessed driver. Fix: map the actual device-bound module first.
- Unloading without dependency/use checks. Fix: inspect `modinfo`, holders, devices, and prefer `modprobe -r`.
- Changing boot modules without console. Fix: require out-of-band access and a known-good image.
- Skipping initramfs rebuild. Fix: rebuild the family-specific image when early boot is affected.
- Calling runtime success boot-safe. Fix: perform a controlled reboot and verify root/network devices.

- Blacklisting a storage or network driver on a remote/headless box with no
  console fallback — a classic way to make a machine unbootable or unreachable.
- Editing `/etc/modprobe.d/` for a boot-time module and forgetting to rebuild
  the initramfs (the change silently does nothing).
- Using `rmmod` (no dependency handling) where `modprobe -r` is safer.
- Persisting an option unsupported by the running module. Correction: verify with `modinfo` and `/sys/module/.../parameters`.
- Rebooting without a known-good initramfs. Correction: retain the prior image and boot entry and verify console recovery.
- Blacklisting by guessed module name. Correction: map the actual bound driver from the target device first.

## Safety note

Blacklisting or unloading the wrong module is one of the easiest ways to brick
a server. A blacklisted **storage** driver (e.g. the disk controller) can leave
the kernel unable to mount the root filesystem — the box panics at boot. A
blacklisted or unloaded **network** driver on a headless/remote host cuts you
off with no way back in over SSH. Before blacklisting a boot-time driver:
confirm you have console or out-of-band (IPMI/iLO/cloud-console) access, keep a
known-good kernel/initramfs to fall back to, and test the reboot when you can
recover from a failure.

## Outputs

| Artefact | Consumer | Acceptance condition |
|---|---|---|
| Module change record | Kernel/operator team | Names kernel, module/path, dependencies, action, persistent file, initramfs, and rollback. |
| Runtime evidence | Service owner | Bound device and parameter state match intent without new kernel errors. |
| Boot verification | On-call operator | Controlled reboot succeeds, device/network/root storage work, or change is marked untested. |

## Evidence Produced

| Artefact | Acceptance |
|---|---|
| Module change evidence | Contains kernel/module identity, dependencies, device mapping, initramfs result, log check, and reboot outcome. |

Capture `uname`, `modinfo`, `lsmod`, device-driver mapping, dependency/use state, persistent config, initramfs command/result, kernel log checks, and reboot outcome.

## Worked Example

Before blacklisting a conflicting NIC driver, map the interface to its bound module, confirm an alternate driver and console access, test the change at runtime when safe, rebuild the correct initramfs, and verify networking after a controlled reboot.

- What was inspected, loaded, unloaded, or blacklisted, and where it was
  persisted.
- Whether an initramfs rebuild was required and which command was run.
- The verification performed (re-`lsmod`, `/sys/module/.../parameters/`,
  reboot test) and any remaining boot/connectivity risk.

<!-- dual-compat-end -->

## References

- [`references/module-management.md`](references/module-management.md) — deep
  reference: inspect/load/unload, load-on-boot, options/parameters, blacklisting
  (`blacklist` vs `install <mod> /bin/true`), and the per-family initramfs
  rebuild detail with examples.

**This skill is self-contained.** Every command below is a standard `kmod`
tool present on both families; only the initramfs rebuild command differs per
the **Distro support** matrix. The `sk-module-info` script in the **Optional
fast path** section is a read-only convenience wrapper — never required.

## Inspect modules

```bash
lsmod                                 # all loaded modules, size, usage count, users
lsmod | grep -i <name>                # is a specific module loaded?
modinfo <mod>                         # description, params, deps, file path, signature
modinfo -p <mod>                      # just the supported parameters
cat /sys/module/<mod>/parameters/<p>  # current live value of a parameter
```

## Load / unload at runtime

```bash
sudo modprobe <mod>                   # load module AND its dependencies
sudo modprobe <mod> <param>=<value>   # load with a one-shot parameter
sudo modprobe -r <mod>                # unload, honoring dependency order (preferred)
sudo rmmod <mod>                      # unload a single module, no dep handling
```

Runtime changes do **not** survive a reboot — persist them below.

## Load a module on boot

Create a file in `/etc/modules-load.d/` with one module name per line:

```bash
echo 'br_netfilter' | sudo tee /etc/modules-load.d/br_netfilter.conf
# Applied by systemd-modules-load.service at next boot (or load now with modprobe).
```

## Set module options / parameters (persistent)

Use `options` in a `/etc/modprobe.d/*.conf` file — applied whenever the module
is loaded (boot or manual):

```bash
# /etc/modprobe.d/i915.conf
options i915 enable_guc=2
```

If the module loads from the **initramfs** (boot-time driver), rebuild it so the
option is baked in — see below.

## Blacklist a driver

```bash
# /etc/modprobe.d/blacklist-nouveau.conf
blacklist nouveau                 # stops modprobe from auto-loading 'nouveau'
install nouveau /bin/true         # STRONGER: runs /bin/true instead of loading it,
                                  # also defeating loads pulled in as a dependency
```

`blacklist` only blocks the module from being auto-loaded by name; another
module that lists it as a dependency can still pull it in. `install <mod>
/bin/true` overrides the load action entirely, so even dependency-triggered
loads become a no-op — use it when `blacklist` alone is not enough.

## Rebuild the initramfs after a boot-time change

Blacklisting or re-parameterizing a module that the initramfs loads only takes
effect once you regenerate that image:

```bash
sudo update-initramfs -u            # Debian/Ubuntu (rebuilds current kernel's image)
sudo dracut -f                      # RHEL family (force-rebuild current kernel's image)
```

> Boot-time module changes can make a host unbootable or unreachable. See the
> **Safety note** above — confirm console/out-of-band access and a fallback
> kernel before rebooting.

---

## Optional fast path (when sk-* scripts are installed)

Running `sudo install-skills-bin linux-kernel-modules` installs:

| Task | Fast-path script |
|---|---|
| List loaded modules or show `modinfo <mod>` (read-only) | `sk-module-info [<mod>]` |
| Print (do NOT apply) the exact blacklist steps for a module | `sk-module-info --blacklist <mod>` |

This is an optional read-only wrapper. The `lsmod` / `modinfo` / `modprobe`
commands above are the source of truth.

## Scripts

This skill installs the following scripts to `/usr/local/bin/`. To install:

```bash
sudo install-skills-bin linux-kernel-modules
```

| Script | Source | Core? | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| sk-module-info | scripts/sk-module-info.sh | yes | Read-only: list loaded modules (`lsmod`) or show `modinfo <mod>`. With `--blacklist <mod>` it only PRINTS the exact blacklist + initramfs-rebuild steps for the detected family; it never applies them unless explicitly confirmed. |