# Linux Webstack

> Use when installing, configuring, tuning, or diagnosing the shared Nginx, Apache/httpd, PHP-FPM, or Node.js service stack on Linux. Use linux-site-deployment for one site's release and linux-service-management for generic systemd operations.

- Skill: `peterbamuhigire/linux-webstack` (Agent Skill, multi-file: 5 files)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add peterbamuhigire/linux-webstack`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/peterbamuhigire/linux-webstack/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Category: Coding & Dev Tools
- License: MIT
- Author: peterbamuhigire (https://skillmd.com/u/peterbamuhigire)
- Updated: 2026-09-17
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/peterbamuhigire/linux-webstack

---

# Web Stack Management

## Distro support

Two-family skill. Nginx is portable (conf.d on both). **Apache differs the
most**: on the RHEL family (Fedora, RHEL, CentOS Stream, Rocky, Alma, Oracle)
it is **`httpd`** with a flat **`/etc/httpd/conf.d/`** model — no
`sites-available`/`a2ensite`. And **SELinux** can block a correctly-permissioned
site. Full detail: [`references/httpd-reference.md`](references/httpd-reference.md).

| Concept | Debian/Ubuntu | RHEL family |
|---|---|---|
| Apache package/service | `apache2` / `apache2ctl` | `httpd` / `apachectl` |
| Vhost model | `sites-available` + `a2ensite` | drop `*.conf` in `/etc/httpd/conf.d/` |
| Apache config root | `/etc/apache2/` | `/etc/httpd/` |
| Web run-as user | `www-data` | `apache` |
| Apache logs | `/var/log/apache2/` | `/var/log/httpd/` |
| PHP-FPM service / pool | `php8.x-fpm` / `/etc/php/8.x/fpm/pool.d/` | `php-fpm` / `/etc/php-fpm.d/` |
| PHP-FPM socket | `/run/php/php8.x-fpm.sock` | `/run/php-fpm/www.sock` |
| Newer PHP | Ondřej PPA | Remi repo / `dnf module` |
| MAC on web content | none | **SELinux**: `httpd_sys_content_t`, `httpd_can_network_connect` |

In `sk-*` scripts use `svc_name apache`, `web_conf_dir apache`, and
`web_reload apache` from `common.sh` instead of hardcoding. See
[`references/httpd-reference.md`](references/httpd-reference.md) and
[`docs/multi-distro/plan.md`](../../docs/multi-distro/plan.md).

<!-- dual-compat-start -->
## Use when

- Managing Nginx, Apache, PHP-FPM, or Node.js services in the standard web stack.
- Debugging reverse-proxy behavior, upstream failures, or PHP worker tuning.
- Validating config changes before reloading live web services.

## Do not use when

- The task is a brand-new site rollout; use `linux-site-deployment`.
- The task is certificate lifecycle or firewall policy; use `linux-firewall-ssl`.

## Required inputs

| Artefact | Source | Required? | If absent |
|---|---|---|---|
| Host family/release, stack topology, service/vhost, ports, sockets, and expected request path | Host and architecture/runbook | required | Inspect read-only; do not assume the proxy chain. |
| Current configuration, status, logs, recent changes, and reproducible request | Host/change record | required for diagnosis | Return targeted collection commands and mark root cause unresolved. |
| Change window, config backup, health check, and rollback authority | Service owner | required for mutation | Stop before reload/restart. |

## Workflow

1. Identify the failing web-stack layer and inspect its current config and status.
2. Apply the matching workflow below for reverse proxy, Apache backend, PHP-FPM, or Node.js.
3. Validate config before any reload or restart.
4. Confirm end-to-end request flow after the change.
5. Stop if the failing hop, configuration validator, rollback copy, maintenance authority, or SELinux consequence is unresolved.
6. Recover by restoring the prior config/context, validating it, reloading only the affected service, and repeating the end-to-end request.

## Quality standards

- Validate configs before reload every time.
- Keep responsibility boundaries clear across Nginx, Apache, PHP-FPM, and Node.js.
- Verify with real request behavior, not just successful daemon restarts.

## Anti-patterns

- Restarting every web service at once. Fix: trace the request and isolate the first failing hop.
- Reloading unvalidated configuration. Fix: run the native syntax/config test for each changed daemon first.
- Treating every 502 as Nginx. Fix: inspect upstream listener/socket, protocol, permissions/context, and application logs.
- Disabling SELinux to make a proxy or docroot work. Fix: set the correct labels/booleans and keep enforcement.
- Tuning PHP-FPM or workers without memory/request evidence. Fix: measure workload and preserve capacity headroom.

## Outputs

| Artefact | Consumer | Acceptance condition |
|---|---|---|
| Layered diagnosis or reviewed config change | Web operator | Identifies the failing hop and uses family-correct units, paths, sockets, and SELinux controls. |
| Reload/recovery evidence | On-call operator | Config tests pass, reload/restart succeeds, errors do not increase, and rollback config is retained. |
| Request-path verification | Service owner | External request, proxy/backend hop, dynamic response, and required assets behave as specified. |

## References

- [`references/nginx-directives.md`](references/nginx-directives.md)
- [`references/config-patterns.md`](references/config-patterns.md)
- [`references/php-fpm-tuning.md`](references/php-fpm-tuning.md)
- [`references/httpd-reference.md`](references/httpd-reference.md) — Apache httpd + conf.d model + SELinux (RHEL family)

## Evidence Produced

| Artefact | Acceptance condition |
|---|---|
| Web-stack evidence | Includes config diff, services/listeners, config-test output, logs, relevant SELinux findings, reload status, and end-to-end request result. |

## Capability contract

Diagnosis defaults to read-only. Read/execute access is required to inspect config, services, ports, sockets, logs, and requests. Editing config, changing labels/booleans, or reloading/restarting production services requires explicit authority and rollback.

## Degraded mode

Without host or request access, produce a request-hop diagnosis tree and label live configuration, runtime, SELinux, and health checks `not assessed`. Do not infer health from static snippets alone.

## Decision rules

| Choice | Action | Failure or risk avoided |
|---|---|---|
| Static content only | Serve through Nginx | Unnecessary proxy/backend failure modes. |
| Existing dual-stack PHP host | Keep Nginx front and family-correct Apache/PHP backend | Conflicting listeners or unsupported layout. |
| Node service | Run under systemd and proxy to loopback/Unix socket | Fragile shell-managed processes. |

## Worked example

For a 502 on Rocky Linux, trace the Nginx upstream, confirm the backend listener, inspect `httpd`/PHP-FPM status and logs, check socket permissions and SELinux denials, correct the evidenced layer, pass daemon config tests, reload only that service, and verify the external request.

<!-- dual-compat-end -->

**This skill is self-contained.** Every command below is a standard tool on
both the Debian/Ubuntu and RHEL families (note the per-family naming in the
**Distro support** table above — e.g. `apache2ctl`/`apachectl`). The `sk-*`
scripts in the **Optional fast path** section are convenience wrappers — never
required.

```
Client → Nginx (443/80)
           ├── Astro/static → /dist/ folders
           ├── PHP direct → PHP-FPM socket
           ├── PHP apps → Apache (port 8080)
           └── Node.js APIs → localhost:<port>
```

---

## Nginx

```bash
sudo nginx -t                                      # test config (always first)
sudo nginx -t && sudo systemctl reload nginx       # graceful reload
sudo systemctl restart nginx                       # full restart

# Enable / disable site
sudo ln -s /etc/nginx/sites-available/<domain>.conf /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/
sudo rm /etc/nginx/sites-enabled/<domain>.conf

sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/error.log
sudo tail -f /var/log/nginx/access.log
```

### Debug 502 Bad Gateway

```bash
sudo tail -20 /var/log/nginx/error.log           # what upstream is failing?
sudo systemctl status php8.3-fpm                 # PHP-FPM sites
sudo systemctl status apache2                    # Apache-proxied sites
ls -la /run/php/php8.3-fpm.sock                  # FPM socket present?
sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm                # fix
```

Config patterns and templates: `references/config-patterns.md`

---

## Apache (Port 8080)

```bash
sudo apache2ctl configtest                        # test config
sudo apache2ctl configtest && sudo systemctl reload apache2
sudo a2ensite <domain>.conf
sudo a2dissite <domain>.conf
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/error.log
```

---

## PHP-FPM

```bash
sudo php-fpm8.3 -t                               # test config
sudo systemctl reload php8.3-fpm                # graceful
sudo systemctl restart php8.3-fpm               # full restart
sudo tail -f /var/log/php8.3-fpm.log
```

### Tune Workers

```bash
sudo nano /etc/php/8.3/fpm/pool.d/www.conf
# Key settings:
# pm.max_children = 20  (RAM-dependent: (RAM_MB - 256) / avg_worker_MB)
# pm.start_servers = 4
# pm.min_spare_servers = 2
# pm.max_spare_servers = 8
# pm.max_requests = 500
sudo systemctl reload php8.3-fpm
```

---

## Node.js Services

```bash
sudo systemctl status <service-name>
sudo journalctl -u <service-name> -n 50 --no-pager
sudo systemctl restart <service-name>
```

Create new Node.js systemd unit: see `references/config-patterns.md`.

---

## nginx.conf Global Settings

```bash
sudo nano /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
```
```nginx
worker_processes auto;
server_tokens off;         # hide version
client_max_body_size 64M;  # upload limit
gzip on;
```

---

## Optional fast path (when sk-* scripts are installed)

Running `sudo install-skills-bin linux-webstack` installs wrappers for the
most common workflows:

| Task | Fast-path script |
|---|---|
| Validate + reload Nginx | `sudo sk-nginx-test-reload` |
| Validate + reload Apache | `sudo sk-apache-test-reload` |
| Generate a new PHP-FPM pool | `sudo sk-php-fpm-pool --site <domain>` |
| Analyze MySQL config | `sudo sk-mysql-tune` |
| Audit MySQL users & grants | `sudo sk-mysql-user-audit` |

These are optional convenience wrappers around the manual commands above.

## Scripts

This skill installs the following scripts to `/usr/local/bin/`. To install:

```bash
sudo install-skills-bin linux-webstack
```

| Script | Source | Core? | Purpose |
|---|---|---|---|
| sk-nginx-test-reload | scripts/sk-nginx-test-reload.sh | no | `nginx -t` then graceful reload; shows config summary and what changed since last reload. |
| sk-apache-test-reload | scripts/sk-apache-test-reload.sh | no | `apache2ctl configtest` then graceful reload. |
| sk-php-fpm-pool | scripts/sk-php-fpm-pool.sh | no | Generate a PHP-FPM pool for a site (socket, user, pm settings), enable, restart. |
| sk-mysql-tune | scripts/sk-mysql-tune.sh | no | Analyze `my.cnf` + runtime variables, suggest improvements. Non-destructive. |
| sk-mysql-user-audit | scripts/sk-mysql-user-audit.sh | no | Show MySQL users, hosts, grants; flag anonymous, `%` hosts, over-privileged users. |