# Data Modeling > Design database schemas, relationships, indexes, and migration strategies — relational and document stores. Triggers: data model, schema design, ER diagram, database schema, table design, foreign key, index strategy, normalization, denormalization, migration plan, document model, partition key. - Skill: `swestash/data-modeling` (Agent Skill, multi-file: 4 files) - Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add swestash/data-modeling` - Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/swestash/data-modeling/raw - Safety review: pending - Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex - Category: AI & ML - Author: SWEStash (https://skillmd.com/u/swestash) - Updated: 2026-09-17 - Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/swestash/data-modeling --- # Data Modeling Guide the user through designing data models that are normalized, consistent, and evolvable. Good data models make the right things easy and the wrong things hard. ## Workflow ### Step 0: Inventory What Already Exists If any database exists, establish what it already holds before proposing a single new table, column, or index. Inspect the current schema **directly** — don't infer it from the requirements, the ORM models, or memory. Dump it from the live database where you can reach one, otherwise read the migration history end to end. Cover both: - **Artifacts** — existing tables, columns, and indexes that hold, or could hold, the fact in question. Grep for the concept by name and by synonym; the right table is often named for a different concern than the one you're serving. - **Written decisions** — ADRs, schema conventions, and prior audit findings that already constrain the shape. **Exit condition** — one line, then keep going in the same response: *"`` already stores ``; it does / does not serve this because ``."* **This step is not a gate on delivering.** Greenfield — no database yet, or none you can reach — closes it in one line: say so and go straight to Step 1. When you can't inspect (no repo access, a conversational answer), name what you would check and continue under stated assumptions. Never answer a schema request with inventory and questions alone; produce the model in the same reply. This constrains the input, not the choice. A new table is a fine outcome; an unexamined one isn't — and a second home for the same fact is duplication however well it's named. ### Step 1: Understand the Domain Before touching schemas, understand the business domain: - **What are the core entities?** (nouns in the requirements: User, Order, Product) - **What are the relationships?** (verbs: User *places* Order, Order *contains* Products) - **What are the cardinalities?** (one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-many) - **What are the access patterns?** (how will the data be queried most often) - **What are the invariants?** (rules that must always hold: "an order must have at least one item") If the user describes a feature rather than a domain, extract the entities from the feature description first. ### Step 2: Design the Conceptual Model Produce an entity-relationship description listing: - Each entity with its key attributes - Relationships with cardinality (1:1, 1:N, M:N) - Business rules that constrain the model Present this as a structured list or ASCII diagram. Don't jump to SQL yet — validate the conceptual model with the user first. ### Step 3: Apply Normalization Design tables following normalization principles: - **1NF**: No repeating groups; every column holds atomic values - **2NF**: Every non-key column depends on the whole primary key - **3NF**: No transitive dependencies (non-key → non-key) Denormalize only with explicit justification (specific read performance requirement with measured data). Document every denormalization decision and the access pattern it serves. ### Step 4: Define the Physical Schema Produce SQL DDL or ORM model definitions. For each table include: - Primary key strategy (auto-increment, UUID, ULID — justify the choice) - Foreign keys with ON DELETE/ON UPDATE behavior - Indexes based on identified access patterns - Constraints (NOT NULL, UNIQUE, CHECK) that enforce business rules - Timestamps (created_at, updated_at) as appropriate Use [templates/schema.md](templates/schema.md) as a starting point for table DDL, index naming, enum patterns, and migration file structure. ### Step 5: Plan the Migration If modifying an existing schema: - **Backwards-compatible changes**: Add columns with defaults, add tables, add indexes - **Breaking changes**: Require a migration strategy (expand-contract pattern) - **Data backfills**: Script them, don't do them manually Produce migration files appropriate to the ORM/framework in use. Each migration should be independently reversible. ### Step 6: Validate Cross-check the schema against: - [ ] Every acceptance criterion from the feature plan can be served by the schema - [ ] Every identified access pattern has an appropriate index - [ ] Every business invariant is enforced by constraints - [ ] No data can be orphaned (foreign keys and cascades are correct) - [ ] The migration is reversible ## Principles Applied - **DRY**: Single source of truth for each piece of data - **KISS**: Start normalized; denormalize only when measured performance demands it - **Functional Independence**: Each table represents one concept - **YAGNI**: Don't add columns or tables "just in case"