# Resilient Computer Use

> Operate desktop applications and browsers reliably through Computer Use, with proactive state tracking and recovery from common automation failures. Use for any multi-step or consequential UI workflow, especially when app focus moves, multiple monitors or windows are present, accessibility state is empty or stale, element indices change, screenshots and accessibility disagree, dialogs or file pickers appear, a browser upload chooser or native picker fails, a local artifact is prepared but not attached, buttons remain disabled, typing submits unexpectedly, a user interrupts or concurrently uses the app, an action may already have completed, a browser tab or extension binding appears lost, or a dedicated browser tool fails and Computer Use should recover the same live session.

- Skill: `swyxio/resilient-computer-use` (Agent Skill)
- Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add swyxio/resilient-computer-use`
- Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/swyxio/resilient-computer-use/raw
- Safety review: pending
- Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex
- Author: swyxio (https://skillmd.com/u/swyxio)
- Updated: 2026-09-22
- Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/swyxio/resilient-computer-use

---


# Resilient Computer Use

Run UI automation as a repeated **observe → identify → act → re-observe → verify** loop. Never equate tool context with application reality: a lost binding, empty accessibility tree, or stale element index does not prove the app, window, tab, or user state disappeared.

## Model the layers separately

Diagnose the failing layer before changing anything:

1. **Tool transport** — Computer Use or a dedicated plugin can communicate.
2. **Application process** — the intended app is running.
3. **Window and focus** — the intended window, monitor, sheet, or popup is active.
4. **Document or tab** — the exact file, record, URL, browser tab, or account is selected.
5. **UI snapshot** — accessibility text, screenshot, and element indices describe the current state.
6. **Operation state** — the intended action is pending, in progress, completed, failed, or ambiguous.
7. **Persisted state** — the external system actually saved the result.

Do not repair a higher layer until the lower layers are known. For example, do not reopen a URL because a tab binding was lost, and do not repeat Submit because the local click response was missing.

## Keep a target identity capsule

Before a multi-step workflow or write, retain the strongest available identity:

```js
var uiTarget = {
  app: "Google Chrome",
  bundleId: "com.google.Chrome",
  windowTitle: "Channel content - YouTube Studio",
  tabId: "684841213",
  providerTabId: '["browser-instance","684841213"]',
  urlOrDocument: "https://studio.youtube.com/channel/...",
  resourceId: "channel-or-video-id",
  accountMarker: "expected account or channel",
  expectedState: "editing one unlisted video"
};
```

Use only fields that exist. Prefer stable resource IDs over titles and titles over window order. Treat tab IDs as stable for the life of that tab/browser instance, not across an actual browser restart.

## Select the control surface

Use the narrowest reliable surface that preserves the user's intended session:

1. Use a purpose-built connector, API, or CLI for semantic operations when available and when the user did not explicitly request visible UI interaction.
2. Use a dedicated app/browser plugin when the task depends on its live authenticated context.
3. If the dedicated plugin loses a window/tab binding or cannot perform a native UI interaction, use Computer Use on the **same app and profile** to inspect, activate, or continue the workflow.
4. Prefer accessibility actions. Use screenshots and coordinates only when accessibility is incomplete or incorrect.
5. Do not use AppleScript, shell-driven UI automation, or another automation technology unless the user explicitly requests it.
6. Ask the user to intervene only after supported state refresh, identity recovery, same-app fallback, and tool-specific troubleshooting fail.

Never silently switch browser family, browser profile, desktop app, account, or authenticated destination.

## Finish the requested UI outcome

Treat local preparation as an intermediate checkpoint, not completion. If the user asked to attach, upload, save, publish, submit, or otherwise finish a UI workflow, do not stop at “the file is ready,” “select it manually,” or “the browser binding cannot handle the picker” while a supported Computer Use path remains.

- Switch to Computer Use immediately when the dedicated surface reaches a native-control boundary it cannot operate.
- Continue in the same turn through attachment and post-action verification when authorization permits.
- Do not merely promise to use the fallback later. Invoke it and report observed results.
- If a named Computer Use tool is not visible, use the supported `node_repl` plus `@oai/sky` bootstrap before calling the capability unavailable.
- If the first fallback attempt fails, re-observe and try the next supported same-app path. Escalate only with the exact attempted methods and current UI state.
- During a stalled or long handoff, provide a concrete progress update within 60 seconds and keep working.

The fallback changes the control surface, not the task scope, destination, account, or confirmation requirements.

## Reliable operating loop

### 1. Initialize or reuse

- Reuse persistent tool and app bindings when valid.
- For Computer Use, import `@oai/sky` once and call `get_app_state` on the named app first.
- If a display-name lookup fails, retry with the bundle identifier before broader discovery.
- Do not reset the JavaScript session as a first-line recovery; resets destroy useful identity and operation state.

### 2. Observe fresh state

- Fetch app state before acting.
- Use the accessibility tree for identity and controls; inspect the screenshot when layout, focus, overlays, canvas content, native dialogs, or multiple monitors matter.
- If the returned accessibility text is only a diff and earlier state is unavailable or suspect, request a fresh full state.
- Treat empty or partial accessibility text as incomplete evidence, not proof that the UI is blank.

### 3. Verify the target

Confirm the app, window/document/tab, resource ID or URL, account, and current operation state. When multiple candidates exist, do not choose by first match, visual order, frontmost monitor, or approximate title.

### 4. Perform the smallest action

- Prefer one semantic accessibility action at a time.
- Re-fetch state after focus changes, navigation, modal transitions, file selection, user interruption, or any action that can rerender the UI.
- Never reuse an `element_index` after refreshing state.
- Avoid typing text containing newlines into controls where Return may submit. Use `set_value` when appropriate, or enter multiline content only after verifying the editor behavior.

### 5. Verify the result

Check an observable postcondition: changed value, URL, selected state, enabled button, progress indicator, saved banner, resulting record, or external readback. A successful click or lack of an error is not completion evidence.

### 6. Checkpoint long workflows

After each item, record target identity, intended action, completion evidence, and next item. Resume from persisted evidence rather than memory or screen position.

## Recovery matrix

| Symptom | Likely layer | Recovery | Do not assume |
|---|---|---|---|
| App lookup fails | Tool/app identity | Retry exact bundle ID, then inspect running apps | App is not installed or closed |
| Accessibility tree is empty | Snapshot/focus | Request full state, inspect screenshot, activate intended window | UI is blank |
| Element index fails | Snapshot | Re-fetch state and derive a new index | Control disappeared permanently |
| Click has no visible effect | UI/operation | Re-observe; check overlays, disabled state, focus, and persisted result | Click failed or should be repeated |
| Wrong window receives input | Focus/identity | Stop typing, fetch full state, identify exact window/document | Frontmost window is the target |
| Button remains disabled | UI validation | Inspect required fields and select real UI options that update internal state | Setting displayed text is sufficient |
| Browser upload opens a native picker | Browser/file chooser | Cancel the picker, reacquire the exact tab, and use the browser `filechooser` plus `setFiles` flow first | Native picker automation is required |
| File is highlighted but Open stays disabled | Native picker/validation | Cancel the picker and use the browser chooser flow; inspect the site's accepted types only if that fails | The local file is invalid |
| Loading appears stuck | Operation | Recheck progress, network/error UI, and persisted state with bounded waits | Timeout means failure |
| User interrupts or uses the app | Focus/operation | Stop, re-observe from scratch, verify whether the last action completed | Focus and form contents are unchanged |
| Browser tab list is empty | Tab binding | Enumerate user-visible tabs, claim stable ID, then verify URL/account | Browser or tab closed |
| Screenshot and AX disagree | Snapshot/rendering | Trust neither alone; inspect both after activating the target | One surface is authoritative everywhere |
| Tool disconnects | Transport | Read tool troubleshooting, reacquire the same explicit app/browser, then restore identity | Switching surfaces/accounts is safe |

## Browser and tab recovery

When a dedicated Chrome binding fails, preserve the same live Chrome session:

1. Reuse the existing browser binding unless an explicit disconnect occurred.
2. Distinguish claimed tabs from user-visible tabs. `tabs.list() === []` can mean only that no tabs are claimed.
3. Enumerate `chrome.user.openTabs()` and match exact saved `id`, then `providerTabId`, stable URL/resource ID, then exact title plus origin/account marker.
4. Call `chrome.user.claimTab(id)` before claimed-tab lookup when necessary.
5. Verify URL/resource and account markers after claiming.
6. If enumeration or claim remains unavailable, inspect `com.google.Chrome` with Computer Use, activate the existing tab via accessibility or Chrome tab search, then retry the browser binding.
7. Read Chrome-specific troubleshooting before declaring the extension unavailable.

Do not reload, duplicate, or recreate the tab until the user-visible inventory and same-Chrome recovery path are exhausted. Say “tab binding was lost,” not “the tab was closed,” unless closure was observed.

## Focus, windows, and monitors

- Treat monitor choice as part of target identity only when the user specifies it or the same title appears in multiple windows.
- Inspect screenshots before coordinate actions; coordinates without current visual evidence are invalid.
- Prefer activating a window by accessible title or document identity. Re-check the screen after activation.
- Account for sidebars, browser tab groups, sheets, popovers, permission dialogs, download panels, and native file pickers that may own focus.
- If two windows contain the same app and title, require a stronger marker such as URL, document path, resource ID, account, or visible content.

## Forms and hidden application state

- Do not assume changing visible text updates framework state. Dropdowns, date/time pickers, editors, and custom controls may require selecting a real option or dispatching the UI's expected event.
- When a button is disabled, inspect validation text, required fields, selected options, uploads in progress, and hidden modal state before retrying.
- For file uploads, verify the selected filename, upload completion, and resulting preview before saving.
- For multiline input, protect against Return-triggered submission.
- Before saving, compare the intended payload with visible fields and destination identity.

## Browser file uploads

Prefer the dedicated browser's file-chooser API over operating the native macOS picker. A native picker showing the expected file while Open remains disabled is a routing failure, not evidence that the file is invalid.

1. Verify the exact tab, destination account or record, visible upload control, accepted file type, and absolute local path.
2. Start the chooser wait and click the visible upload control concurrently. Click the visible button or label instead of a hidden `input[type="file"]`; extensions may augment or intercept the hidden input.
3. Set the file through the returned chooser and catch asynchronous failures so a timed-out chooser cannot reset the persistent browser session:

```js
var chooser;
try {
  var [openedChooser] = await Promise.all([
    tab.playwright.waitForEvent("filechooser", { timeoutMs: 10000 }),
    tab.playwright.getByRole("button", { name: "Upload file" }).click()
  ]);
  chooser = openedChooser;
  await chooser.setFiles([absoluteFilePath], { timeoutMs: 15000 });
} catch (error) {
  nodeRepl.write(`File chooser failed: ${error.message}`);
}
```

4. Re-observe the page and verify the exact filename, preview, upload completion, and enabled Save/Submit state. Save only when authorization permits, then verify the saved state.
5. If `setFiles` fails in Chrome, read the browser's file-upload troubleshooting documentation. A common prerequisite is enabling **Allow access to file URLs** for the ChatGPT browser extension in `chrome://extensions`.
6. Fall back to the native picker through Computer Use only when the supported chooser flow is unavailable or fails. Keep the same browser, profile, tab, account, and destination.

If a native picker is already open from an earlier attempt, cancel it before starting the browser chooser flow. Reacquire the exact user-visible tab by its fresh stable identity and verify its URL/account before retrying.

## Native file-picker handoff

Use this sequence only after the browser file-chooser flow above is unavailable or has failed:

1. Verify the exact app, stable browser tab or document, destination account, upload field, and absolute local file path.
2. Click the upload control with the dedicated plugin when possible. If that cannot open the picker, inspect the same app with Computer Use and click the control there.
3. Bootstrap Computer Use directly when needed:

```js
globalThis.sky = globalThis.sky ?? (await import("@oai/sky")).sky;
var pickerState = await sky.get_app_state({
  app: "com.google.Chrome",
  disableDiff: true
});
nodeRepl.write(pickerState.text);
```

4. Confirm from fresh accessibility or screenshot evidence that the native picker or sheet is active. Do not send path keystrokes before confirming picker focus.
5. Use the macOS Go to Folder command, enter the exact absolute path without a newline, and re-observe between steps:

```js
await sky.press_key({ app: "com.google.Chrome", key: "super+shift+g" });
var goState = await sky.get_app_state({ app: "com.google.Chrome" });
await sky.type_text({ app: "com.google.Chrome", text: absoluteFilePath });
await sky.press_key({ app: "com.google.Chrome", key: "Return" });
var selectedState = await sky.get_app_state({ app: "com.google.Chrome" });
```

6. If the picker now highlights the file but remains open, verify the filename and activate the visible Open/Choose control or press Return once. Never press Return repeatedly without re-observing; it can submit the parent page after the dialog closes.
7. Reacquire the parent app or stable browser tab. Verify the picker closed, the expected filename/preview appeared, upload processing completed, and no error is shown.
8. Complete the requested Save/Publish step only under the active confirmation policy, then verify persisted state.

If accessibility does not expose the picker, inspect the current screenshot and use current coordinates against the same app. Do not fall back to AppleScript or a different browser unless the user explicitly requests it. A plugin's inability to set native file input is a routing signal to Computer Use, not a blocker.

## Interruptions and ambiguous completion

After any cancellation, timeout, focus theft, user action, tool exception, or context compaction:

1. Stop issuing writes.
2. Reacquire the exact app/window/tab/document.
3. Read current form and persisted destination state.
4. Classify the previous action as completed, pending, failed, or ambiguous.
5. Repeat only when duplication is ruled out or the operation is known idempotent.
6. Continue from the checkpoint, not from the beginning of the batch.

For uploads, sends, publishes, saves, deletions, purchases, or submissions, absence of a local success response is never enough reason to retry.

## Waiting and progress

- Prefer fresh state checks over fixed sleeps.
- Keep waits bounded and communicate during long operations.
- Distinguish loading, processing, disabled, blocked, failed, and completed states.
- If progress is asynchronous, verify through a durable status page, resulting record, download, or saved marker.
- Do not abandon a live operation solely because one poll returned no change.

## Safety and confirmation

- Apply the active Computer Use confirmation policy at the consequential action, not during harmless recovery.
- Recovery and inspection are read-only unless they change app state beyond focus or navigation.
- Before a write, verify exact destination, account, payload, current state, and whether the user already performed the action.
- Save and verify one item before advancing a fragile batch.
- Never use recovery as permission to bypass authentication, CAPTCHAs, browser security warnings, or approval boundaries.

## Escalation report

When blocked, report:

- the last verified app/window/tab/document identity;
- which layer failed;
- current observable state from accessibility and screenshot evidence;
- recovery paths attempted;
- whether the previous consequential action completed;
- the smallest user intervention required.

Avoid claims such as “Chrome crashed,” “the tab closed,” “the click failed,” or “nothing saved” unless directly verified.