# Paper Writing > Writes and revises scientific manuscripts, journal articles, preprints, theses, reports, in full paragraphs with the argument built from the project's actual results and sources, as a real .tex or .md file in the working folder. Use for drafting or revising a paper, a section, an abstract, a response to reviewers, or a technical report in any field. For ML conference papers use ml-paper-writing; for adding or checking references use citations; for figures use figures or schematics. - Skill: `synthetic-sciences/paper-writing` (Agent Skill, multi-file: 12 files) - Install (CLI): `npx skillmds@latest add synthetic-sciences/paper-writing` - Raw SKILL.md: https://api.skillmd.com/api/skills/synthetic-sciences/paper-writing/raw - Safety review: pending - Works with: Claude Code, Claude.ai, OpenAI Codex - Category: Docs & Writing - License: MIT - Author: synthetic-sciences (https://skillmd.com/u/synthetic-sciences) - Updated: 2026-09-17 - Page: https://skillmd.com/skills/synthetic-sciences/paper-writing --- # Paper writing A paper is an argument with evidence attached, written for a reader who is busy and skeptical. The draft succeeds when a reviewer can state the claim, the evidence, and the limits after one read, and cannot find a sentence the results do not support. ## Non-negotiables 1. **Write the file, not an outline in chat.** Create or edit the manuscript in the working folder (`paper.tex`, `paper.md`, or the user's file) and link it. An outline in chat gives the user nothing to render or send. 2. **Every claim traces to a result or a source.** Numbers come from the project's outputs (tables, logs, tracked runs), quoted with their units, precision and conditions. Prior work is cited only after reading it; the citations skill resolves and verifies the references, never memory. 3. **Prose, not lists.** Sections are paragraphs, each with one point stated in its first sentence. Bullets belong in supplementary checklists, not in the body. 4. **Preserve what exists.** When revising a manuscript, keep its claims, structure, figures and voice unless the user asked for those to change. Improve the sentence, not the science, unless the science is wrong, and then say so. 5. **State the limits where the claim is.** Scope, sample, assumptions and failure cases go in the results and discussion, not only in a limitations paragraph at the end. 6. **Match the venue.** Length, section order, abstract form, reference style and figure rules come from the target; `references/journals-formatting.md` and the style files below carry the common ones. ## Workflow - [ ] Fix the target: venue or document type, length, audience, deadline, template. - [ ] Inventory the evidence: results, figures, data, methods, prior drafts, notes. - [ ] Write the argument in one paragraph before the sections. - [ ] Draft sections in evidence order: methods, results, discussion, introduction, abstract. - [ ] Verify every number and citation against its source; compile; read the PDF yourself. - [ ] Hand over with the open questions listed. **Target.** Ask once if the venue or document type is unknown and it changes the shape; otherwise infer from the request. Check the working folder for a template or class file the user supplied and use it unchanged (`\documentclass`, packages, section skeleton); without one, `assets/report-template.tex` and `assets/scientific_report.sty` compile cleanly for a report or preprint. **Evidence.** Read the results files, notebooks, tracked runs and figures before writing a sentence about them. A report on work done in this session is built from that evidence and cites outside work only where the text needs it; a literature review belongs to a manuscript for submission, not to every write-up. Build a short table of the claims the evidence supports, each with its source path. Anything the user asserts that the evidence does not show is flagged, not written as fact. **Argument.** One paragraph: the question, why it is open, what was done, what was found, what it means. If this paragraph cannot be written, the paper is not ready and the user should hear that first. **Sections.** Follow `references/imrad-structure.md` for empirical work and adapt for theory, methods and review papers. Write the methods and results first (they are facts), the discussion next (interpretation), then the introduction (the argument in reverse), and the abstract last (the paper in miniature: question, approach, main result with a number, implication). Titles state the finding when the venue allows it. **Figures and tables.** Each makes one claim, named in its caption's first clause; the figures skill builds plots, the schematics skill builds diagrams. Tables carry the numbers the prose cites, with uncertainty and n. Reference every figure and table in the text before it appears. **Verification.** This is part of writing, done here, not handed to a worker. Compile (`latexmk -pdf` or `pdflatex` twice with `bibtex`), fix every error, then read the PDF: figure sizes, overfull lines, orphaned headings, broken refs (`??`). `scripts/validate_format.py --file paper.pdf --venue "" --check-all` checks page count, margins and font size against the venue's rules where it knows them. Run the citations skill's `validate_bib.py` on the `.bib`. Re-read the abstract against the results table. ## Style - Precise verbs, concrete subjects: "the model reduced error by 12%" not "a reduction in error was observed". Active voice for what you did; passive where the agent is irrelevant. - One idea per sentence; one point per paragraph, stated first. - Define every symbol and acronym at first use; keep one term per concept throughout. - Hedge to the evidence: "suggests" for a single study, "shows" for a replicated result, never "proves" for empirical work. - No filler ("it is important to note"), no self-praise ("novel", "significant" without a test), no rhetorical questions. - Numbers: consistent precision, units on every quantity, uncertainty on every estimate. `references/writing-principles.md` expands each of these with examples; `references/reporting-guidelines.md` lists the CONSORT, STROBE, PRISMA, ARRIVE and similar checklists a venue may require; `references/figures-tables.md` covers table design. ## Venue styles | Target | Read | | --- | --- | | Nature, Science and their families | `references/nature-science-style.md` | | Cell Press | `references/cell-press-style.md` | | Medical journals (NEJM, Lancet, JAMA, BMJ) | `references/medical-journal-styles.md` | | Any journal's mechanics: lengths, abstract forms, reference styles | `references/journals-formatting.md` | | NeurIPS, ICML, ICLR, ACL, COLM, AAAI | load `ml-paper-writing` instead | ## Responding to reviewers Quote each comment, answer it directly, state the change and where it is (page, line, section), and disagree with evidence when the reviewer is wrong. Never change a result to please a review; change the text to make the result clearer. ## Before you hand it over - The file compiles or renders and is linked in the answer. - Every number in the text appears in a table, figure or output file with the same value. - Every citation is resolved (citations skill) and every `\ref` resolves. - The abstract's main result matches the results section. - Open questions for the user are listed: missing evidence, choices made, venue rules not met.