# Aie Dataflow Opt > # Dataflow optimization (the "make the whole design fast" phase) Fourth of four porting phases, alongside `aie-kernel-opt` (see `aie-model-baseline` for the oracle, `aie-dataflow-presim` for pre-hardware validation, `aie-hw-bringup` for getting to a correct baseline on real hardware — this phase assumes that baseline already exists and is correct). **This skill is macro; `aie-kernel-opt` is micro.** `aie-kernel-opt` answers "how do I make this one compiled kernel faster." This skill answers "which op should run on which tile, how should data move between them, and is a kernel even the right thing to be optimizing" — questions that have to be answered *before* kernel-level tuning pays off, because no amount of kernel polish fixes a design that's bottlenecked on placement or bandwidth. ## 1. Rank the actual bottleneck before optimizing anything — NOOP ablation, not intuition Before touching a single kernel or placement decision, replace each op class with a no-op DMA pass (data moves, no compute happens) and re-measure the full chain. The delta each NOOP causes is that op class's real contribution to end-to-end time — rank by that, not by which kernel looks expensive in isolation or which one you assume is slow. Static analysis and paper cycle-counts are unreliable for this; a measured ablation isn't. A kernel contributing 4ms is not worth the same optimization effort as one contributing 99ms, even if the 4ms one looks the messier of the two. ## 2. If the model spans multiple dispatches, treat the boundary as the top-level placement decision A model too large to fit one dispatch (see `aie-model-baseline`) was already split there, but only for feasibility — that cut may not be the one that performs best, so revisit it here rather than treating it as fixed. Where to cut, and how many dispatches to use, is a placement decision that dominates everything inside a single dispatch: it has to be settled before overlay/tile placement within a dispatch is worth deciding, because an overlay designed for a boundary that later moves is wasted work. Every dispatch boundary carries a real, measurable cost — writing intermediate activations out, a host round-trip, reloading weights for the next dispatch unless they're already resident. Model this the same way you model any other bandwidth cost (below): more, smaller dispatches trade resource headroom for more round-trip overhead; fewer, larger dispatches trade overhead for tighter per-dispatch budgets. Measure the actual round-trip cost against the resource pressure it relieves rather than assuming either direction is obviously right. ## 3. Design separate placements for genuinely separate regimes *within* a dispatch — don't compromise into one If the workload has more than one distinct operating regime — a compute-bound pass and a bandwidth-bound pass (e.g. prefill vs. decode in an autoregressive model; batch=1 vs. batch=N), or an accuracy-focused mode and a preview mode — a single placement tuned for both regimes will under-serve both. Compile and place separately per regime (a distinct tile layout / column allocation per regime, sometimes called separate "overlays"), and switch between them by workload phase rather than finding a single compromise layout. The signal that you're in this situation: the same op class binds on a different resource depending on which regime you're in (e.g. compute-bound in one, DMA-bound in the other) — if that's true, one placement literally cannot be optimal for both. ## 4. Model bandwidth and compression before betting the design on an assumption - **Don't assume equal DMA bandwidth across columns/channels** — measure it directly with a bandwidth-sweep harness before sizing per-column transfers. If columns are asymmetric, size buffer-descriptor byte allocations proportional to measured bandwidth rather than splitting evenly; an equal split runs at `N × min(column_bw)`, a proportional split recovers closer to `sum(column_bw)`. - **Measure compression ratios (weight sparsity, KV-cache compression) against real weights/data, not a theoretical best case.** A structured sparsity scheme's real compression ratio on actual trained weights can differ substantially from its nominal ratio; measure before the ratio becomes a load-bearing part of a capacity plan. - **Audit what the DMA genuinely can do before designing a transform onto it.** Buffer descriptors move addresses/strides/lengths and (on the hardware that supports it) apply compression — they do not perform arithmetic or dtype casts. If your dataflow needs a type conversion between two hops, that's a compute-tile cost you must budget explicitly, not something you can push onto the DMA for free. - **A recurrent/cache-carrying workload accumulates its own bandwidth pole.** If the design carries state across iterations (a KV cache, a running accumulator that grows with context), model that state's DMA traffic explicitly as context grows — at some scale it can dominate weight traffic even if it looked negligible at the sizes you first tested. ## 5. Treat weight/activation streaming strategy as a placement decision, not an implementation detail Whether weights are staged statically (fit once, reused every call) or streamed continuously affects tile occupancy and DMA scheduling, not just which API call you use — decide it alongside placement, informed by whether weights fit in on-chip memory at all and how the phase-1 capacity model characterized the regime. A design that fits weights statically and self-loops a single buffer avoids per-call host-device handoff latency entirely; a design that doesn't fit needs an explicit streaming plan (and the two are different data-movement footprints, not a switch you flip after the fact). ## Checklist - [ ] NOOP ablation has ranked the real per-op-class contribution to end-to-end time — optimization effort is going to the top of that ranking, not to whichever kernel seemed slow - [ ] If the model spans multiple dispatches, the boundary was evaluated for performance (round-trip cost vs. per-dispatch resource pressure), not just carried over unchanged from the phase-1 feasibility cut - [ ] Distinct workload regimes (if any) have distinct placements *within* a dispatch, not one compromise layout - [ ] DMA bandwidth (per column/channel) and any compression ratio are measured against real hardware/data, not assumed - [ ] Any required dtype/arithmetic transform between DMA hops is budgeted onto a compute tile explicitly, not assumed free - [ ] Weight/activation streaming strategy (static vs. streamed) was decided as part of placement, informed by the capacity model from `aie-dataflow-presim`