Localizing Game State Divergence

Localizing Game State Divergence

Purpose

Find when a gameplay defect happens, in tick order, before anyone argues about where in the code it lives. A semantic game defect — score credited twice, a cooldown that never expires, a resource that refills across a save — throws nothing. There is no stack trace, so backward tracing from an error has no starting point. The starting point has to be constructed: a per-event trace plus a predicate that is true of every healthy state, scanned for the first index where the predicate fails.

The output is a tick index and two states, not a diagnosis and not a patch.

When to Use

• The defect reproduces deterministically, and the wrong observable is a value, a count, a duplicated or missing effect, or a state that should be unreachable.
• The symptom appears far from its cause: a HUD reads a wrong number, a run ends with impossible totals, a save restores something it should not.
• A log or telemetry dump exists and nobody knows which line in it is the first bad one.

When Not to Use

• The defect does not reproduce yet. Stop. Everything below replays a fixed input; without one there is nothing to replay and any conclusion is a guess.
• An exception, crash, assertion, or failing test already names a file and line — follow that instead; this procedure is strictly more expensive.
• The value is correct but feels too strong, too weak, or unfun. That is a balance question, not a divergence.
• You already know the divergent tick and only need to choose the repair.

Required Inputs

A ReproCase — the minimal contract, inlined here so this skill needs nothing else:

id:            # stable name for this defect
seed:          # RNG seed, or "none" if the run is seedless
build:         # commit / build identifier
setup:         # starting state or save slot, if not a fresh run
inputs:        # ordered input events with their tick indices — the input tape
observe:       # the wrong observable, as a value: "score == 50 at tick 6, expected 30"
expected:      # the value a healthy run produces at that point
determinism:   # always | intermittent(n/m runs) — intermittent blocks this procedure

Also required:

• A replayable core: the game logic must be steppable from (state, event) -> state with no wall clock, unseeded RNG, or I/O in the path. If it is not, extracting one for the affected subsystem is prerequisite work and outside this procedure. A subsystem harness may be enough, but extracting one from a non-replayable real project has not yet been validated by this skill; report that gap instead of treating the harness as routine or proven.
• At least one oracle predicate (below).

Procedure

1. Write the oracle before looking at the trace. State the property as a predicate over observed state, in a form that is true at every healthy step and mechanically checkable:

   • INV-SCORE-ONCE: no entity identity is credited score more than once.
   • INV-<field>-SOURCE: <field> changes only on the event types allowed to change it.
   • INV-<x>-ROUNDTRIP: after a restore, <x> equals the value captured at the matching save.

   A predicate that can only be evaluated by a human reading the log is not an oracle. If the property cannot be written this way, say so and stop — the defect is not localizable by this method, and a guessed fix is the alternative you are declining.

2. Emit an observation trace. One record per state transition, not per run. The field list is in references/observation-event.md. Emit from the replay, not from the live game, so the trace is reproducible.

3. Replay and scan. Fold the input tape through the core, keeping every intermediate state. Evaluate every oracle at every index. Record the lowest index at which any oracle first fails. Scan linearly when the trace fits in memory; bisect only when replay is expensive, and only if the oracle is monotone (once false, stays false) — a non-monotone oracle bisects to the wrong index.

4. Stop conditions, applied in this order:

   • No oracle fails anywhere, but the final state is wrong. The observation layer is too coarse: some state that changed is not in the trace. Add the missing field and re-run. Do not proceed to a fix. This is the most common outcome on the first attempt and it is a finding about instrumentation, not about the game.
   • An oracle fails at index 0. The setup is already invalid; the ReproCase starting state is wrong, not the game.
   • Two oracles fail at the same index. Report both. Do not pick the one that looks easier.

5. Separate first violation from first cause. The index where the predicate breaks is where the state became observably wrong. The write that made it possible is often earlier and silent — a flag set, an identity reused, a field left out of a snapshot. Walk backward from the divergent index over the fields the violated oracle reads, and report the earliest event that wrote any of them. Name both indices. Fixing at the violation index without doing this produces a guard that hides the symptom and leaves the bad write in place.

6. Confirm the localization is causal. Re-run the same tape with the single divergent event removed or its inputs changed. If the oracle still fails at the same index, the localization is wrong — the reported event is a bystander. Report this as a failed localization rather than handing off an unverified index.

Output

A DivergenceReport:

repro:                 # ReproCase id
oracle:                # the predicate that failed, verbatim
first_violation_index: # tick / event index
first_violation_event: # the event at that index
state_before:          # observed fields the oracle reads, immediately before
state_after:           # the same fields immediately after
earliest_writer_index: # earliest event writing any field the oracle reads
causal_check:          # confirmed | failed — result of step 6
unobserved:            # state deliberately not in the trace, and why

unobserved is required. A trace that claims full coverage is claiming the defect cannot be anywhere else, which is almost never true and is the assumption that makes the next bug expensive.

Validation

• The oracle is stated as a predicate and evaluated mechanically, not read by eye.
• first_violation_index is the lowest failing index, not the first one noticed.
• causal_check is confirmed, or the report says the localization failed.
• earliest_writer_index is present and is <= first_violation_index.
• The report contains no proposed patch. Choosing the repair is a separate decision, and mixing it in here is how a localization becomes an argument for a fix that was picked first.

Common Failure Modes

• Aggregate-only telemetry. Run totals ("final score 50, expected 30") cannot localize anything; they are the symptom restated. Per-event records are the whole method.
• Oracle written after reading the trace. It will be shaped to accept whatever the trace shows and will pass. Write it in step 1 and do not edit it during step 3.
• Non-determinism smuggled into replay. An unseeded shuffle, a wall-clock read, or iteration over an unordered map moves the divergent index between runs. If the index is not stable across two replays, fix that before believing any index.
• Stopping at the reader. The HUD showing a wrong number is where you noticed it, never where it happened. Step 5 exists because this is the default mistake.
• Bisecting a non-monotone oracle. "Energy is within range" can fail, recover, and fail again; bisection lands on an arbitrary failure. Scan linearly unless the oracle is monotone.

References

• references/observation-event.md — the per-event trace record, and how it differs from run-aggregate telemetry.