Frontend Design

Frontend Design Guide

Automatically applies when working on frontend UI/UX tasks. Creates distinctive, production-grade interfaces with consistent styling.

Design System Stack

Design Tokens (shared/theme.css)

All colors, spacing, and visual properties use CSS custom properties. Never hardcode hex values — use tokens.

Color Tokens

Spacing Scale

--space-xs (0.25rem) through --space-3xl (3rem). Use in CSS: padding: var(--space-md).

Typography Scale

--text-xs (0.75rem) through --text-3xl (1.875rem). Use: font-size: var(--text-sm).

Radius, Shadows, Z-Index

• Radius: --radius-sm through --radius-full
• Shadows: --shadow-sm through --shadow-xl
• Z-index: --z-base (1) through --z-toast (9999)

Tailwind v4 Integration

Tailwind v4 is installed via @tailwindcss/vite plugin. No preflight — existing CSS is preserved.

@theme inline Mapping

The @theme inline block in index.css maps your tokens to Tailwind utilities:

shadcn/ui standard names (used by shadcn components internally):

• bg-primary → var(--accent) (your accent color)
• text-primary-foreground → #ffffff (text on primary buttons)
• bg-background → var(--bg-app)
• text-foreground → var(--text-primary)
• bg-card → var(--bg-surface)
• bg-secondary / bg-muted / bg-accent → var(--bg-elevated) (shadcn "accent" = hover bg)
• text-muted-foreground → var(--text-muted)
• bg-destructive → var(--status-error)
• border (default) → var(--border-default)
• ring-ring → var(--accent)

Custom names (use in your own Tailwind code):

• bg-app, bg-surface, bg-elevated, bg-inset — layout backgrounds
• bg-accent-primary, bg-accent-hover — accent color (distinct from shadcn bg-accent)
• bg-error, bg-warning, bg-success, bg-info — status colors
• text-text-primary, text-text-secondary, text-text-muted — text colors
• border-border-subtle — subtle borders

Specificity Rules

• Unlayered CSS (existing App.css) always wins over Tailwind's @layer utilities
• When migrating a component to Tailwind, remove its CSS rules to avoid conflicts
• rgba() values stay as-is until converted to oklch() or Tailwind opacity modifiers (bg-primary/15)

shadcn/ui Components

Setup

• Config: components.json (style: new-york, jsx, zinc base)
• Utility: src/lib/utils.js — cn() function (clsx + tailwind-merge)
• Path alias: @/* → ./src/* (in vite.config.js + jsconfig.json)
• Components: src/components/ui/*.jsx

Available Components

Usage Pattern

import { Button } from '@/components/ui/button'
import { Badge } from '@/components/ui/badge'
import { cn } from '@/lib/utils'

function MyComponent({ isLate }) {
  return (
    <div className="flex items-center gap-2">
      <Badge variant={isLate ? 'destructive' : 'default'}>
        {isLate ? 'Late' : 'On Time'}
      </Badge>
      <Button variant="outline" size="sm">
        View Details
      </Button>
    </div>
  )
}

Adding New shadcn Components

npx shadcn@latest add <component-name> --yes --overwrite

Components generate as .jsx into src/components/ui/. No TypeScript cleanup needed.

Theme System

Theme Presets

Themes work by swapping CSS custom property values via [data-theme="X"] selectors in shared/theme.css. A ThemeToggle component persists the choice to localStorage.

Example presets to support:

Adding a New Theme

1. Add theme object to THEMES array in ThemeToggle.jsx
2. Add [data-theme="your-theme"] selector block in theme.css with all token overrides
3. Light themes: set color-scheme: light and ensure stronger contrast (--text-primary: #0F172A)

Component Patterns

KPI Cards

Use a consistent KPICard component for metric cards across all projects:

• Grid: 4 columns desktop, 2 mobile (@media max-width: 768px)
• Structure: label, value (large), unit/trend, optional delta

Charts (Recharts)

Use shared tooltip styles if your project exports them:

import { CHART_TOOLTIP } from '@your-shared/constants'
<Tooltip {...CHART_TOOLTIP} />

Legend standard (enforced — e.g. via scripts/lint-chart-legends.mjs). A multi-series chart (2+ bars/lines/areas, or a .map() that emits a series per datum) MUST give the reader a labeled key for its colors, two ways:

1. Visible legend — add <Legend wrapperStyle={{ fontSize: 11 }} /> (11px keeps it readable on compact cards). Every series needs a name= prop so the legend (and tooltip) labels it.
2. Color-aware tooltip — the popup must show each series' color, not a uniform gray. A shared CHART_TOOLTIP that sets itemStyle:{color:'var(--text-secondary)'} flattens every row to one color. On a multi-series chart, pass a custom content= that colors each row by entry.color instead:

// Color-aware tooltip: a mini legend in the popup (swatch + name + value).
function ChartTooltip({ active, payload, label }, fmt = (v) => v) {
  if (!active || !payload?.length) return null
  return (
    <div className="chart-tooltip">
      <p className="tooltip-label">{label}</p>
      {payload.map((e, i) => (
        <p key={i} style={{ display: 'flex', alignItems: 'center', gap: 6 }}>
          <span style={{ width: 9, height: 9, borderRadius: '50%', background: e.color }} />
          <span>{e.name}</span>
          <span style={{ marginLeft: 'auto', fontWeight: 600 }}>{e.value != null ? fmt(e.value) : '—'}</span>
        </p>
      ))}
    </div>
  )
}
// ...
<Tooltip content={<ChartTooltip />} />

• Single-series charts are exempt — the card title names the one series; a legend is noise.
• Custom / non-<Legend> key (e.g. a color-dot caption or a deliberately key-less chart): annotate it so lint skips it — {/* chart-legend-ok: <reason> */} on or just above the chart element.
• If using a ratcheted lint gate: existing charts are grandfathered; it fails only on a NEW multi-series chart that lacks a legend or color-aware tooltip.

Additional chart patterns:

• Dark tooltips require THREE props: contentStyle, labelStyle, itemStyle
• Bundle split: Keep Recharts in manualChunks (vite.config.js)
• ResponsiveContainer: height={isMobile ? 200 : 250} standard

Tables

• table-layout: fixed + <colgroup> for resizable columns
• Column widths persist to localStorage
• Sticky headers: position: sticky; top: 0; z-index: var(--z-sticky)
• Alternate row coloring: tr:nth-child(even) with subtle surface variation

Modals

Use a shared modal component with:

• Focus trap (useModalA11y or native <dialog> + showModal())
• Overlay-click-to-close: if (e.target === e.currentTarget) onClose() on the overlay — do NOT use stopPropagation on inner content (breaks children that render outside the DOM tree via ReactDOM.create* APIs)
• Backdrop: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5) with optional blur
• Escape key close
• Scroll lock on body while open

Collapsible groups — Expand all / Collapse all

Any view that renders a list of collapsible sections/accordions/groups MUST offer bulk Expand all / Collapse all controls — don't re-implement per-group useState(open) with no bulk control, and don't let each new grouped view invent its own toggle shape.

• Extract a shared hook (useExpandCollapseAll(defaultOpen)) that returns { isOpen(id), toggle(id), expandAll(), collapseAll() } and tolerates a changing id set — newly-loaded groups should inherit the current default so it works before data loads and after the list grows.
• Extract a paired control component for the toolbar/filter bar (<ExpandCollapseControls />).
• Lift the per-group open state to the parent so the bulk controls actually drive every group, rather than each group owning its own isolated state.

Apply this to every new grouped/accordion view, not just the first one that needed it — it's cheap to reuse and expensive to reinvent per view.

CSS Architecture

Migration Path

When rewriting a view to use Tailwind + shadcn:

1. Build the new version alongside the old (or in a test route)
2. Use shadcn components for structure (Dialog, Table, Card, Tabs, Button)
3. Use Tailwind utilities for layout and spacing
4. Remove the old CSS rules from App.css
5. Keep domain-semantic styles (status colors, chart configs) in CSS or constants

Aligning an Existing Component to the Design System

Lighter than a full rewrite — use this when reskinning a component that already works but has drifted off-token (hardcoded hex colors, arbitrary px values, transition: all). Observed working loop, confirmed across multiple sessions:

1. Read the source of truth first — the token file (this doc's Color Tokens section, or wherever your project defines them) plus the reference primitives the rest of the app already uses (card/badge/button/modal components). Match those; don't invent a parallel style.
2. Grep the target for hardcoded drift before editing:

   grep -nE "#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6}|rgba?\(" <target>.css   # raw colors that should be tokens
   grep -nE "[0-9]+px" <target>.css                     # arbitrary sizes vs your spacing/type scale
   grep -n "transition: all" <target>.css               # vague transitions — name the properties
   

3. Rewrite CSS to tokens — swap raw values for token references, arbitrary px for the spacing/type scale, transition: all for explicit named properties. Keep domain-semantic colors (status/category colors that are intentionally not themed) as-is.
4. Build and verify in a real browser — a token swap can silently change contrast or layout. Look at an actual screenshot, not bounding-box math or computed geometry.

Accessibility

• Color contrast: 4.5:1 body, 3:1 large text (High Contrast theme = WCAG AAA)
• Interactive targets: min 44x44px on mobile
• Focus indicators: visible ring via focus-visible:ring-ring/50
• Reduced motion: @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) zeroes all animations
• Status: never color-only — combine with icon/text

Anti-Patterns to Avoid (AI-Slop Signals)

These patterns appear in the majority of AI-generated UIs. Avoid them by default unless there is a specific, intentional reason.

Porting a Showcase Variant to Real Code

After /design-showcase and the user picks a variant, porting it into the real component has a specific failure mode worth calling out.

The drift trap: Worktree agents dispatched via Agent({ isolation: "worktree" }) branch from a shared reference point, NOT current HEAD. If parallel sessions have been modifying the target file, the worktree agent ports against a stale base — cherry-picking then conflicts.

Detection: before accepting an agent's port commit, check git log <worktree-base>..HEAD -- <target-file>. If non-empty, the agent was working from stale context.

Resolution pattern:

1. If the CSS additions are purely additive (new scoped classes) — cherry-pick with git checkout --ours <target.jsx> to keep your current JSX and accept ONLY the CSS.
2. Apply the JSX design edits directly with the Edit tool against current HEAD.
3. Build, commit, push.

Prefer additive edits over reordering. If the showcase variant spec includes "reorder sections", save that for a separate follow-up — it's much riskier than adding a new pill or strip. Ship the high-signal additions first.

Tactical Patterns

• Recharts tooltips: Need THREE style props for dark theme (contentStyle, labelStyle, itemStyle)
• Recharts bundle: Split via manualChunks in vite.config.js — always keep this config
• Dropdown in scrollable tables: position:fixed + getBoundingClientRect() — absolute gets clipped by overflow-x:auto
• localStorage validation: Cross-reference saved columns against DEFAULT_COLUMNS to filter stale entries
• getDueDateCategory "this week" filter: must include late + today + tomorrow + thisWeek (not just thisWeek)
• ISO date timezone shift: new Date('2026-03-20') → midnight UTC → day before in local timezone. Fix: parse YYYY-MM-DD as new Date(year, month-1, day) for local display. Don't round-trip already-ISO strings through toISOString()
• Unstable array/object deps + AbortController = infinite loop: When a useEffect depends on a prop-derived array (e.g. const ids = idsProp || []) and the parent passes a fresh literal each render, the effect re-fires every render. If that effect creates an AbortController with a cleanup that calls abort(), every render aborts the in-flight fetch. Symptom: modal stuck on "Loading..." forever, network panel shows canceled requests in a tight loop. react-hooks/exhaustive-deps does NOT catch it — the dep is listed correctly, just unstable. Fix: memoize the derived value against a primitive key (e.g. array.join('|')) or have the parent wrap in useMemo.
• CSS shorthand vs longhand override: overflow: hidden (shorthand) is NOT reliably overridden by a later overflow-y: auto (longhand) in some cascade scenarios. Use the matching shorthand (overflow: hidden auto) to override. Also: overflow-y: auto is a no-op when the container has min-height instead of height; min-height is ignored on <td> elements per CSS spec.
• Flex scroll chain requires every ancestor to be a flex container: For overflow-y: auto on a deeply nested element to work, every ancestor must be display: flex; flex-direction: column with min-height: 0 (or height: 0). One plain block container breaks flex: 1 on its children — content overflows without constraint.
• CSS pattern audit before adding styles: Before adding @keyframes or new CSS classes to a large App.css, grep existing patterns first to avoid duplicate keyframes and conflicting class names.

See Also

• /design-showcase — for exploratory redesigns, run a showcase first. Dispatches a single Opus agent that builds a self-contained HTML page with 3-7 design variants side-by-side. User picks a direction, then implement using the tokens and patterns above.
• /design-reverse-engineer — extract design tokens and component patterns from any URL; use when anchoring a new view to a proven reference before building
• /webapp-testing — Playwright visual verification after implementing a chosen variant
• reference-sites.md (in .claude/skills/design-reverse-engineer/) — curated list of high-quality reference sites by domain