Web Animation CSS Animations

CSS Animation Patterns

Quick Guide: Transitions carry state changes (hover, focus, a toggled attribute); @keyframes carries motion that loops, auto-plays, or has more than two steps; animation-timeline carries scroll- and viewport-linked progress. Confining animation to transform and opacity keeps the frames on the compositor thread, and every animation gets a prefers-reduced-motion branch.

Detailed Resources:

• examples/core.md — token system, interactive states, entrance, spinner, toast, reduced-motion
• examples/transitions.md — multi-property transitions, staggered delays, accordions, colour, links
• examples/keyframes.md — scroll-driven timelines, @property gradients, typewriter, stagger, clip-path morphs
• reference.md — easing catalogue, property cost table, duration guidance, browser support

Which path applies

• The motion is a state change — :hover, :focus-visible, a data attribute, a toggled class — then a transition on the base rule is the whole mechanism; follow examples/transitions.md.
• The motion loops, auto-plays on mount, or passes through more than two states — then it needs @keyframes and an animation shorthand; follow examples/keyframes.md.
• The motion tracks scroll position or viewport entry — then the driver is animation-timeline: scroll() or view() rather than time, and the keyframes describe progress from 0 to 1; follow examples/keyframes.md.

Before writing CSS animation code

Animate transform and opacity. Both are composited, so the frames run off the main thread and survive a busy tab; width, top and margin re-run layout on every frame instead.

Give every animation a prefers-reduced-motion branch. The preference is a vestibular safety setting rather than an off switch — an opacity fade at a shorter duration usually satisfies it while keeping the state change legible.

Use ease-out on enter and ease-in on exit. An element arriving decelerates into place and one leaving accelerates away; linear reads as mechanical for anything but continuous rotation.

Scope will-change to the interaction that needs it. Each declaration holds a compositing layer for as long as the rule applies, so a blanket selector holds one per element on the page at once.

Auto-detection: @keyframes, transition-property, transition-duration, animation-timeline, scroll-timeline, view-timeline, animation-range, animation-fill-mode, prefers-reduced-motion, will-change, cubic-bezier, linear(), @property, steps(), transform-origin

Applies to:

• State-change motion driven by a pseudo-class, a data attribute or a toggled class
• Autonomous motion — spinners, pulses, shimmer, attention cues
• Scroll-linked and viewport-entry progress
• Entrance and exit motion whose trigger is a class or attribute the page already sets

Handled elsewhere:

• Playback control at runtime — pause, reverse, seek, or read progress. A CSS declaration exposes no handle; the Web Animations API is where one comes from, either element.animate() or element.getAnimations() over what CSS already declared
• Motion whose velocity carries across an interruption, such as a spring picked up mid-gesture
• Pointer-tracking drag, where the animated value is the pointer position itself
• Compositing an outgoing and an incoming view together across a navigation or view swap

Easing selection

Element entering        -> ease-out (fast start, slow settle)
Element exiting         -> ease-in (slow start, fast departure)
Symmetric motion        -> ease-in-out
Continuous rotation     -> linear
Playful, overshooting   -> cubic-bezier with a control point past 1
Anything else           -> ease-out

ease, the browser default, is generic enough that two adjacent animations using it read as unrelated; name the curve instead.

What CSS expresses

• Scroll and viewport progress — animation-timeline: scroll() or view(), with animation-range deciding where progress starts and ends
• Sequencing across elements — animation-delay computed from an --index custom property, with backwards fill so the pre-animation state holds during the delay
• Values computed at runtime — write them into a custom property; the animation itself stays declarative and reads the property each frame
• Overshoot and arbitrary curves — a cubic-bezier past the 0–1 range, or linear() with a point list for a curve no cubic can express

Core patterns

Pattern 1: Animation Token System

Durations, easings and travel distances defined once as custom properties, so motion stays consistent across components and is retunable in one place.

:root {
  --duration-fast: 150ms;
  --duration-normal: 250ms;
  --ease-out: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1); /* enter */
  --ease-in: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1); /* exit */
  --ease-spring: cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275); /* overshoot */
  --lift-md: -4px;
}

Full code: examples/core.md

Pattern 2: Compositor-Only Transitions

Name each property being transitioned, and express movement and size as transform so no frame triggers layout.

.card {
  transition:
    transform var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-out),
    opacity var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-out);
}
.card:hover {
  transform: translateY(var(--lift-md)) scale(1.02);
}

translate() replaces top/left, scale() replaces width/height, and a pseudo-element whose opacity animates replaces an animated box-shadow.

Full code: examples/core.md

Pattern 3: Prefers-Reduced-Motion

Two shapes. Progressive enhancement makes the still state the base and opts motion in, so an animation added later cannot escape the check:

.element {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: no-preference) {
  .element {
    animation: fade-slide-in var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-out);
  }
}

Graceful degradation animates by default and overrides under reduce — the right shape when the reduced form is a shorter fade rather than nothing:

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  .notification {
    animation: fade-in calc(var(--notification-duration) * 0.5) var(--ease-out);
  }
}

Reduced motion does not mean no animation. Opacity is generally safe; what it replaces is spatial travel, scale and rotation.

Full code: examples/core.md

Pattern 4: @keyframes

For motion that loops, auto-plays on mount, or passes through more than two states.

@keyframes fade-slide-in {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(20px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

.modal {
  animation: fade-slide-in var(--modal-enter-duration) var(--ease-out) forwards;
}

forwards holds the final state after the run; backwards shows the initial state during animation-delay.

Full code: examples/core.md and examples/keyframes.md

Pattern 5: Will-Change Scoping

will-change promotes the element to its own compositing layer, which costs GPU memory proportional to the element's painted area. Declare it on the rule that is about to animate.

.card:hover {
  will-change: transform;
}

Full code: examples/core.md

Pattern 6: Scroll-Driven Animations

animation-timeline drives keyframes from scroll progress instead of elapsed time, with no scroll listener and no per-frame JavaScript.

.progress-bar {
  animation: grow-width linear;
  animation-timeline: scroll();
}

@keyframes grow-width {
  from {
    transform: scaleX(0);
  }
  to {
    transform: scaleX(1);
  }
}

scroll() tracks a scroll container's position; view() tracks the element's own passage through the viewport, with animation-range bounding it.

Browser support: Chrome/Edge 115+, Safari 26+, Firefox behind a flag.

Full code: examples/keyframes.md

Pattern 7: @property for Custom Property Animation

Registering a custom property gives it a type, which is what makes it interpolable — gradient angles and colour stops animate only once registered.

@property --gradient-angle {
  syntax: "<angle>";
  initial-value: 0deg;
  inherits: false;
}

@keyframes rotate-gradient {
  to {
    --gradient-angle: 360deg;
  }
}

Browser support: Chrome/Edge 85+, Safari 16.4+, Firefox 128+.

Full code: examples/keyframes.md

Red flags

Breaks at runtime:

• transition: all — picks up every property a later edit adds, including layout-triggering ones — name each transitioned property explicitly
• Animating width, height, top, left, margin or padding — re-runs layout every frame and drops frames as soon as the main thread is busy — animate transform and leave layout still
• Animating box-shadow — repaints the element and its shadow each frame — animate the opacity of a pseudo-element that carries the shadow
• will-change on a permanent or broad selector — holds one compositing layer per matched element, and on mobile enough layers exhaust GPU memory and kill the tab — declare it on the interaction rule only
• An animation with no prefers-reduced-motion branch — full-travel motion reaches users who have asked their OS for none — add the branch when the animation is written, not afterwards
• An enter animation without forwards — the element snaps back to its pre-animation state on the final frame — add the fill mode

Surprising behaviour:

• transform on an ancestor creates a containing block, so a position: fixed descendant anchors to that ancestor rather than to the viewport
• will-change creates a stacking context, changing how z-index resolves against siblings
• Without animation-fill-mode: backwards, a delayed animation renders its final state during the delay instead of its first frame
• display: none cannot be animated — use opacity with visibility, or grid-template-rows animating 0fr to 1fr
• SVG path drawing animates stroke-dasharray and stroke-dashoffset; transform moves the path rather than drawing it
• A scroll() timeline needs a scrollable ancestor — an overflow: hidden parent yields no progress
• Animations do not run in print, so the pre-animation state has to be legible on paper
• Durations past roughly 1s read as sluggish rather than deliberate