ahang1598 摄像机系统技能
生成各种类型的摄像机控制器。
摄像机类型概览
| 类型 | 维度 | 适用场景 | 主要特点 |
|---|---|---|---|
| follow_2d | 2D | 平台跳跃、横版动作 | 平滑跟随、边界限制 |
| follow_3d | 3D | 俯视角、等距视角 | 固定角度跟随 |
| third_person | 3D | RPG、动作游戏 | 绕目标旋转、碰撞检测 |
| first_person | 3D | FPS、探索游戏 | 鼠标控制视角 |
| orbit | 3D | 物品展示、编辑器 | 360° 环绕 |
| rail | 3D | 过场动画、固定路线 | 沿路径移动 |
| fixed | 2D/3D | 固定视角游戏 | 静态位置 |
Follow 2D 摄像机
场景结构
Camera2D
├── ShakeTimer
└── (RemoteTransform2D on target)
完整脚本 (follow_camera_2d.gd)
## 2D 跟随摄像机
##
## 特点：平滑跟随、前视偏移、屏幕震动、边界限制
## @author AI Generated
## @version 1.0.0
class_name FollowCamera2D
extends Camera2D
# region 信号
signal shake_started
signal shake_ended
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 跟随
@export_group("Follow")
@export var target: Node2D
@export var follow_speed: float = 5.0
@export var offset: Vector2 = Vector2.ZERO
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 前视
@export_group("Look Ahead")
@export var look_ahead_enabled: bool = true
@export var look_ahead_distance: float = 50.0
@export var look_ahead_speed: float = 3.0
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 死区
@export_group("Dead Zone")
@export var dead_zone_enabled: bool = false
@export var dead_zone_size: Vector2 = Vector2(100, 50)
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 边界
@export_group("Boundaries")
@export var use_boundaries: bool = false
@export var boundary_left: float = -1000
@export var boundary_right: float = 1000
@export var boundary_top: float = -1000
@export var boundary_bottom: float = 1000
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 震动
@export_group("Screen Shake")
@export var shake_decay: float = 5.0
@export var shake_max_offset: Vector2 = Vector2(100, 75)
# endregion
# region 私有变量
var _current_look_ahead: Vector2 = Vector2.ZERO
var _shake_intensity: float = 0.0
var _shake_offset: Vector2 = Vector2.ZERO
var _target_position: Vector2 = Vector2.ZERO
# endregion
# region 生命周期
func _ready() -> void:
if target:
global_position = target.global_position + offset
make_current()
func _process(delta: float) -> void:
if not target:
return
_update_target_position(delta)
_apply_look_ahead(delta)
_apply_shake(delta)
_apply_boundaries()
# 平滑移动
global_position = global_position.lerp(_target_position + _shake_offset, follow_speed * delta)
# endregion
# region 跟随逻辑
func _update_target_position(delta: float) -> void:
var target_pos = target.global_position + offset
if dead_zone_enabled:
var diff = target_pos - global_position
if abs(diff.x) > dead_zone_size.x:
_target_position.x = target_pos.x - sign(diff.x) * dead_zone_size.x
if abs(diff.y) > dead_zone_size.y:
_target_position.y = target_pos.y - sign(diff.y) * dead_zone_size.y
else:
_target_position = target_pos
# endregion
# region 前视偏移
func _apply_look_ahead(delta: float) -> void:
if not look_ahead_enabled:
return
if target.has_method("get_velocity"):
var velocity = target.get_velocity()
if velocity != Vector2.ZERO:
var look_ahead_target = velocity.normalized() * look_ahead_distance
_current_look_ahead = _current_look_ahead.lerp(look_ahead_target, look_ahead_speed * delta)
else:
_current_look_ahead = _current_look_ahead.lerp(Vector2.ZERO, look_ahead_speed * delta)
elif target is CharacterBody2D:
var velocity = target.velocity
if velocity != Vector2.ZERO:
var look_ahead_target = velocity.normalized() * look_ahead_distance
_current_look_ahead = _current_look_ahead.lerp(look_ahead_target, look_ahead_speed * delta)
else:
_current_look_ahead = _current_look_ahead.lerp(Vector2.ZERO, look_ahead_speed * delta)
_target_position += _current_look_ahead
# endregion
# region 屏幕震动
func shake(intensity: float, duration: float = 0.3) -> void:
_shake_intensity = intensity
shake_started.emit()
var tween = create_tween()
tween.tween_property(self, "_shake_intensity", 0.0, duration)
tween.tween_callback(func(): shake_ended.emit())
func _apply_shake(delta: float) -> void:
if _shake_intensity > 0:
_shake_offset = Vector2(
randf_range(-1, 1) * shake_max_offset.x,
randf_range(-1, 1) * shake_max_offset.y
) * _shake_intensity
else:
_shake_offset = Vector2.ZERO
# endregion
# region 边界限制
func _apply_boundaries() -> void:
if not use_boundaries:
return
_target_position.x = clampf(_target_position.x, boundary_left, boundary_right)
_target_position.y = clampf(_target_position.y, boundary_top, boundary_bottom)
func set_boundaries(left: float, right: float, top: float, bottom: float) -> void:
boundary_left = left
boundary_right = right
boundary_top = top
boundary_bottom = bottom
use_boundaries = true
# endregion
# region 公共 API
func set_target(new_target: Node2D) -> void:
target = new_target
func snap_to_target() -> void:
if target:
global_position = target.global_position + offset
_target_position = global_position
func set_offset(new_offset: Vector2) -> void:
offset = new_offset
func zoom_to(new_zoom: Vector2, duration: float = 0.5) -> void:
var tween = create_tween()
tween.tween_property(self, "zoom", new_zoom, duration).set_ease(Tween.EASE_OUT)
# endregion
Third Person 3D 摄像机
场景结构
CameraPivot (Node3D) - 跟随目标
├── SpringArm3D - 碰撞处理
│ └── Camera3D
└── (可选) CrosshairUI
完整脚本 (third_person_camera.gd)
## 第三人称 3D 摄像机
##
## 特点：鼠标控制旋转、碰撞避免、平滑跟随
## @author AI Generated
## @version 1.0.0
class_name ThirdPersonCamera
extends Node3D
# region 导出变量 - 目标
@export_group("Target")
@export var target: Node3D
@export var follow_speed: float = 10.0
@export var offset: Vector3 = Vector3(0, 1.5, 0)
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 旋转
@export_group("Rotation")
@export var mouse_sensitivity: float = 0.002
@export var controller_sensitivity: float = 2.0
@export var pitch_min: float = -80.0
@export var pitch_max: float = 80.0
@export var invert_y: bool = false
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 距离
@export_group("Distance")
@export var default_distance: float = 5.0
@export var min_distance: float = 1.0
@export var max_distance: float = 10.0
@export var zoom_speed: float = 2.0
# endregion
# region 导出变量 - 碰撞
@export_group("Collision")
@export var collision_margin: float = 0.2
@export var collision_mask: int = 1
# endregion
# region 节点引用
@onready var spring_arm: SpringArm3D = $SpringArm3D
@onready var camera: Camera3D = $SpringArm3D/Camera3D
# endregion
# region 私有变量
var _yaw: float = 0.0
var _pitch: float = 0.0
var _target_distance: float
# endregion
# region 生命周期
func _ready() -> void:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED
_target_distance = default_distance
if spring_arm:
spring_arm.spring_length = default_distance
spring_arm.margin = collision_margin
spring_arm.collision_mask = collision_mask
if target:
global_position = target.global_position + offset
func _process(delta: float) -> void:
_handle_controller_input(delta)
_update_position(delta)
_update_rotation()
_update_zoom(delta)
func _unhandled_input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
if event is InputEventMouseMotion and Input.mouse_mode == Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED:
_handle_mouse_input(event)
if event is InputEventMouseButton:
_handle_zoom_input(event)
if event.is_action_pressed("ui_cancel"):
_toggle_mouse_mode()
# endregion
# region 输入处理
func _handle_mouse_input(event: InputEventMouseMotion) -> void:
_yaw -= event.relative.x * mouse_sensitivity
var pitch_delta = event.relative.y * mouse_sensitivity
if invert_y:
pitch_delta = -pitch_delta
_pitch -= pitch_delta
_pitch = clampf(_pitch, deg_to_rad(pitch_min), deg_to_rad(pitch_max))
func _handle_controller_input(delta: float) -> void:
var look_input = Input.get_vector("look_left", "look_right", "look_up", "look_down")
if look_input != Vector2.ZERO:
_yaw -= look_input.x * controller_sensitivity * delta
var pitch_delta = look_input.y * controller_sensitivity * delta
if invert_y:
pitch_delta = -pitch_delta
_pitch -= pitch_delta
_pitch = clampf(_pitch, deg_to_rad(pitch_min), deg_to_rad(pitch_max))
func _handle_zoom_input(event: InputEventMouseButton) -> void:
if event.button_index == MOUSE_BUTTON_WHEEL_UP:
_target_distance = maxf(_target_distance - zoom_speed, min_distance)
elif event.button_index == MOUSE_BUTTON_WHEEL_DOWN:
_target_distance = minf(_target_distance + zoom_speed, max_distance)
# endregion
# region 更新逻辑
func _update_position(delta: float) -> void:
if not target:
return
var target_pos = target.global_position + offset
global_position = global_position.lerp(target_pos, follow_speed * delta)
func _update_rotation() -> void:
rotation = Vector3(_pitch, _yaw, 0)
func _update_zoom(delta: float) -> void:
if spring_arm:
spring_arm.spring_length = lerpf(spring_arm.spring_length, _target_distance, zoom_speed * delta)
# endregion
# region 公共 API
func set_target(new_target: Node3D) -> void:
target = new_target
func snap_to_target() -> void:
if target:
global_position = target.global_position + offset
func set_yaw(value: float) -> void:
_yaw = value
func set_pitch(value: float) -> void:
_pitch = clampf(value, deg_to_rad(pitch_min), deg_to_rad(pitch_max))
func get_camera_forward() -> Vector3:
return -camera.global_transform.basis.z
func get_camera_right() -> Vector3:
return camera.global_transform.basis.x
func _toggle_mouse_mode() -> void:
if Input.mouse_mode == Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_VISIBLE
else:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED
# endregion
# region 屏幕震动
func shake(intensity: float, duration: float = 0.3) -> void:
var original_offset = camera.position
var tween = create_tween()
for i in range(int(duration * 60)):
var shake_offset = Vector3(
randf_range(-1, 1),
randf_range(-1, 1),
randf_range(-1, 1)
) * intensity * (1.0 - float(i) / (duration * 60))
tween.tween_property(camera, "position", original_offset + shake_offset, 1.0/60.0)
tween.tween_property(camera, "position", original_offset, 0.05)
# endregion
First Person 3D 摄像机
场景结构
Player (CharacterBody3D)
├── Head (Node3D) - 头部节点，用于视角旋转
│ └── Camera3D
└── ...
完整脚本 (first_person_camera.gd)
## 第一人称摄像机控制器
##
## 附加到 Head 节点上，处理视角旋转
## @author AI Generated
## @version 1.0.0
class_name FirstPersonCamera
extends Node3D
# region 导出变量
@export_group("Sensitivity")
@export var mouse_sensitivity: float = 0.002
@export var controller_sensitivity: float = 2.0
@export_group("Limits")
@export var pitch_min: float = -89.0
@export var pitch_max: float = 89.0
@export_group("Head Bob")
@export var head_bob_enabled: bool = true
@export var head_bob_frequency: float = 2.0
@export var head_bob_amplitude: Vector2 = Vector2(0.05, 0.1)
@export_group("Options")
@export var invert_y: bool = false
# endregion
# region 节点引用
@onready var camera: Camera3D = $Camera3D
# endregion
# region 私有变量
var _head_bob_time: float = 0.0
var _initial_camera_pos: Vector3
# endregion
func _ready() -> void:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED
if camera:
_initial_camera_pos = camera.position
func _process(delta: float) -> void:
_handle_controller_look(delta)
_update_head_bob(delta)
func _unhandled_input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
if event is InputEventMouseMotion and Input.mouse_mode == Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED:
_handle_mouse_look(event)
if event.is_action_pressed("ui_cancel"):
if Input.mouse_mode == Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_VISIBLE
else:
Input.mouse_mode = Input.MOUSE_MODE_CAPTURED
func _handle_mouse_look(event: InputEventMouseMotion) -> void:
# 水平旋转 - 旋转整个玩家
get_parent().rotate_y(-event.relative.x * mouse_sensitivity)
# 垂直旋转 - 只旋转头部
var pitch_delta = event.relative.y * mouse_sensitivity
if invert_y:
pitch_delta = -pitch_delta
rotation.x = clampf(rotation.x - pitch_delta, deg_to_rad(pitch_min), deg_to_rad(pitch_max))
func _handle_controller_look(delta: float) -> void:
var look_input = Input.get_vector("look_left", "look_right", "look_up", "look_down")
if look_input != Vector2.ZERO:
get_parent().rotate_y(-look_input.x * controller_sensitivity * delta)
var pitch_delta = look_input.y * controller_sensitivity * delta
if invert_y:
pitch_delta = -pitch_delta
rotation.x = clampf(rotation.x - pitch_delta, deg_to_rad(pitch_min), deg_to_rad(pitch_max))
func _update_head_bob(delta: float) -> void:
if not head_bob_enabled or not camera:
return
var player = get_parent()
if player is CharacterBody3D:
if player.is_on_floor() and player.velocity.length() > 0.1:
_head_bob_time += delta * head_bob_frequency * player.velocity.length()
camera.position.x = _initial_camera_pos.x + sin(_head_bob_time) * head_bob_amplitude.x
camera.position.y = _initial_camera_pos.y + sin(_head_bob_time * 2) * head_bob_amplitude.y
else:
camera.position = camera.position.lerp(_initial_camera_pos, 10 * delta)
# region 公共 API
func get_look_direction() -> Vector3:
return -global_transform.basis.z
func set_sensitivity(value: float) -> void:
mouse_sensitivity = value
func set_invert_y(value: bool) -> void:
invert_y = value
# endregion
Orbit 摄像机（物品展示）
## 轨道摄像机
##
## 用于物品展示、编辑器等场景
## @author AI Generated
## @version 1.0.0
class_name OrbitCamera
extends Node3D
@export var target: Node3D
@export var distance: float = 5.0
@export var min_distance: float = 2.0
@export var max_distance: float = 20.0
@export var rotation_speed: float = 0.01
@export var zoom_speed: float = 0.5
@export var auto_rotate: bool = false
@export var auto_rotate_speed: float = 0.5
var _yaw: float = 0.0
var _pitch: float = 0.0
var _is_dragging: bool = false
@onready var camera: Camera3D = $Camera3D
func _ready() -> void:
_update_camera_position()
func _process(delta: float) -> void:
if auto_rotate and not _is_dragging:
_yaw += auto_rotate_speed * delta
_update_camera_position()
func _unhandled_input(event: InputEvent) -> void:
if event is InputEventMouseButton:
if event.button_index == MOUSE_BUTTON_LEFT:
_is_dragging = event.pressed
elif event.button_index == MOUSE_BUTTON_WHEEL_UP:
distance = maxf(distance - zoom_speed, min_distance)
elif event.button_index == MOUSE_BUTTON_WHEEL_DOWN:
distance = minf(distance + zoom_speed, max_distance)
if event is InputEventMouseMotion and _is_dragging:
_yaw -= event.relative.x * rotation_speed
_pitch -= event.relative.y * rotation_speed
_pitch = clampf(_pitch, -PI/2 + 0.1, PI/2 - 0.1)
func _update_camera_position() -> void:
var target_pos = target.global_position if target else Vector3.ZERO
var offset = Vector3(
cos(_pitch) * sin(_yaw),
sin(_pitch),
cos(_pitch) * cos(_yaw)
) * distance
camera.global_position = target_pos + offset
camera.look_at(target_pos)
func set_target(new_target: Node3D) -> void:
target = new_target
配置文件 (camera_config.json)
{
"cameras": {
"follow_2d": {
"follow_speed": 5.0,
"look_ahead_enabled": true,
"look_ahead_distance": 50.0,
"dead_zone_enabled": false
},
"third_person": {
"default_distance": 5.0,
"mouse_sensitivity": 0.002,
"pitch_min": -80.0,
"pitch_max": 80.0
},
"first_person": {
"mouse_sensitivity": 0.002,
"head_bob_enabled": true,
"pitch_min": -89.0,
"pitch_max": 89.0
}
}
}
使用示例
创建 2D 跟随摄像机
创建一个 2D 跟随摄像机：
- 平滑跟随玩家
- 带前视偏移
- 支持屏幕震动
- 限制在关卡边界内
创建第三人称摄像机
创建第三人称摄像机：
- 鼠标控制旋转
- 滚轮缩放距离
- 自动避免穿墙
- 平滑跟随目标