A11Y Review

Accessibility Review

Perform a structured WCAG 2.2 AA accessibility audit of the specified component, page, or codebase. Execute all eight phases in order and produce an actionable, severity-ranked report.

Audit Scope

When invoked with a path, audit that file or directory. When invoked with "all" or no argument, locate the main source directory (src/, app/, components/, pages/) and audit the full codebase.

Exclude: node_modules, dist, build, .next, coverage, .astro.

Phase 1: Orient — Build the File Map

Before checking anything:

1. Use Glob to discover all UI files:

   • **/*.tsx, **/*.jsx, **/*.astro — components and pages
   • **/*.html — static markup
   • **/*.css, **/*.scss, **/*.module.css — stylesheets
   • **/tailwind.config.* — Tailwind configuration

2. Read package.json to detect the stack:

   • React / Next.js / Astro / Vue / Svelte
   • Radix UI / Headless UI / Tailwind CSS
   • Testing libraries (jest-axe, @axe-core/playwright)

3. Count total component files. Report: "Scanning X components across Y directories."

Phase 2: Semantic Structure

Check every component file for semantic HTML violations.

Heading Hierarchy (WCAG 1.3.1)

• Flag any heading that skips a level (e.g., <h1> → <h3> with no <h2>)
• Flag multiple <h1> elements on a single page
• Flag headings used purely for visual sizing (e.g., <h4> inside a card that is font-bold text-sm)
• Flag missing <h1> on page-level components

Landmark Regions (WCAG 1.3.6)

• Flag pages missing <main>, <header>, <nav>, or <footer> landmarks
• Flag multiple <nav> or <header> elements that lack unique aria-label or aria-labelledby
• Flag <div id="content"> patterns that should be <main>

Semantic Element Usage (WCAG 4.1.2)

• Flag <div onClick> and <span onClick> without role and tabindex
• Flag <div role="button"> when a <button> should be used
• Flag <a> tags without href used as buttons
• Flag <b> / <i> used for semantic emphasis (should be <strong> / <em>)
• Flag missing <label> wrapping for icon-only inputs
• React: Flag wrapper <div> inside <ul>, <ol>, <table> — suggest Fragments

Images and Alt Text (WCAG 1.1.1)

• Flag <img> without alt attribute
• Flag <img alt="image">, <img alt="photo">, or file-name-as-alt anti-patterns
• Flag <img> with redundant alt (same as adjacent caption text)
• Flag decorative images without alt="" or role="presentation"

Phase 3: ARIA Usage

Check all ARIA attribute usage across components.

The ARIA First Principles

• No ARIA is better than bad ARIA. Flag every instance where ARIA overrides correct native semantics.
• Flag role="button" on <button> — redundant
• Flag role="heading" on <h1>–<h6> — redundant
• Flag role="list" on <ul> / <ol> — only needed in some browsers with Tailwind list-none

aria-hidden Misuse (WCAG 1.3.1, 4.1.2)

• Critical: Flag aria-hidden="true" on any element that is focusable or contains focusable children
• Flag interactive buttons/links inside an aria-hidden ancestor
• Flag SVG icons missing aria-hidden="true" when decorative (or inside a labeled button)

Missing Accessible Names (WCAG 4.1.2, 2.4.6)

• Flag <button> with no text content, no aria-label, and no aria-labelledby
• Flag icon-only buttons: <button><svg>...</svg></button> with no accessible name
• Flag <a> with no text, no aria-label, no aria-labelledby
• Flag <input type="image"> without alt

ARIA State Synchronization (WCAG 4.1.2)

• Flag aria-expanded attributes hardcoded to "true" or "false" that are not driven by state
• Flag disclosure components (accordions, dropdowns) missing aria-expanded entirely
• Flag aria-checked, aria-selected, aria-pressed not connected to component state
• React: Flag string literals aria-expanded="true" — should be aria-expanded={isOpen}

Live Regions (WCAG 4.1.3)

• Flag dynamic status updates (toasts, alerts, loading states) with no aria-live, role="status", or role="alert"
• Flag role="alert" used for non-urgent messages (should be role="status")
• Flag live regions whose content is set before being added to the DOM (screen readers miss the announcement)

Phase 4: Keyboard and Focus

Check keyboard operability across all interactive components.

Focus Visibility (WCAG 2.4.7, 2.4.11)

• Critical: Flag any CSS with outline: none, outline: 0, or Tailwind outline-none that is not immediately followed by a custom focus indicator
• Flag Tailwind focus:outline-none without focus-visible:ring-* replacement
• Flag *:focus { outline: none } global CSS reset without a replacement

Focus Order (WCAG 2.4.3)

• Flag tabindex values greater than 0 (breaks natural DOM order)
• Flag visually ordered content whose DOM order is inverted via CSS order, float, or position: absolute

Keyboard Traps (WCAG 2.1.2)

• Flag custom dropdown, popover, or menu components with no Escape key handler
• Flag modal/dialog implementations that do not trap focus inside when open
• Flag custom components that intercept Tab without providing a clear exit

Skip Links (WCAG 2.4.1)

• Flag page-level layouts that have no "Skip to main content" link
• Flag skip links present but permanently hidden (not just visually hidden until focused)

Interactive Element Requirements (WCAG 2.1.1)

• Flag <div role="button"> / <div tabindex="0"> missing keydown/keyup handlers for Enter and Space
• Flag custom checkbox / radio implementations missing keyboard activation

React-Specific Focus Drift

• Flag useEffect that removes a modal/panel from the DOM without calling .focus() on the trigger element
• Flag dialog close handlers that do not restore focus: look for setIsOpen(false) or onClose() without a preceding triggerRef.current?.focus()

Phase 5: Color Contrast and Motion

Contrast (WCAG 1.4.3, 1.4.11)

Check Tailwind color utility classes and CSS color values for likely contrast failures:

• Flag text on colored backgrounds where the combination is known-low-contrast (e.g., text-gray-400 bg-white, text-yellow-300 bg-white)
• Flag UI component borders/outlines that use light neutrals (border-gray-200, border-gray-300) on white backgrounds — likely fail 3:1
• Flag placeholder text (::placeholder) styled with low-contrast colors
• Note: Full contrast ratios require a browser tool — flag suspects, recommend using axe DevTools or Colour Contrast Analyser for verification

Color-Only Meaning (WCAG 1.4.1)

• Flag error states indicated only by red border/text with no icon, label, or pattern
• Flag status indicators (badges, dots) that rely solely on color with no text or shape alternative
• Flag link text that is only differentiated from body text by color (no underline)

Motion and Animation (WCAG 2.3.3)

• Flag CSS animation or transition on non-UI state changes (page decorations, hero animations) without @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) override
• Flag Tailwind animations (animate-spin, animate-bounce, animate-pulse) applied to non-status elements without motion-reduce: or motion-safe: modifier
• Flag auto-playing videos or carousels with no pause/stop control
• Flag content that flashes or blinks (potential seizure trigger)

Target Size (WCAG 2.5.8 — new in 2.2)

• Flag interactive targets smaller than 24×24px — look for w-4 h-4, p-0, text-xs buttons that are icon-only
• Flag tightly packed link lists with less than 24px spacing between targets

Phase 6: Forms

Check all form components.

Label Association (WCAG 1.3.1, 3.3.2)

• Critical: Flag <input>, <select>, <textarea> without an associated <label> (via for/id or wrapping)
• Flag htmlFor in React that does not match an id on any input
• Flag placeholder used as the only labeling mechanism

Required and Validation (WCAG 3.3.1, 3.3.2)

• Flag required fields with no required attribute or aria-required="true"
• Flag required indicators (asterisks) with no explanation in the form instructions
• Flag error messages that are not programmatically linked to their input via aria-describedby
• Flag aria-invalid not set to "true" on invalid inputs during validation

Fieldset/Legend (WCAG 1.3.1)

• Flag groups of related checkboxes or radio buttons not wrapped in <fieldset> + <legend>
• Flag <legend> used but empty or containing only whitespace

Phase 7: SVG and Icons

Check all SVG usage.

Decorative SVGs (WCAG 1.1.1)

• Flag inline <svg> without aria-hidden="true" when inside a labeled button or link (screen readers will attempt to read raw SVG content)
• Flag <svg> without focusable="false" in IE/Edge-compatible codebases

Informative SVGs (WCAG 1.1.1)

• Flag standalone SVGs (logos, charts, illustrations) without role="img" and either aria-label or a hidden text alternative
• Flag SVGs with a <title> but no aria-labelledby pointing to it (cross-browser reliability issue)

Phase 8: Stack-Specific Checks

Tailwind CSS

• Flag outline-none without focus-visible:ring-* replacement (most common Tailwind a11y failure)
• Flag missing sr-only on icon-only button text labels
• Confirm motion-safe: / motion-reduce: usage on animated elements
• Check for list-none on <ul> — some screen readers strip list semantics; recommend role="list" if semantics matter

React

• Confirm aria-* props use JSX booleans correctly: aria-expanded={isOpen} not aria-expanded="true"
• Flag key props on focusable list items that change order (forces DOM remount, loses focus position)
• Flag dangerouslySetInnerHTML in components — requires manual a11y verification of injected content

Astro

• Flag islands using client:visible or client:idle on keyboard-interactive components — risk of hydration dead zones
• Recommend pre-hydrated ARIA states via data-* attributes for components that render with client:visible
• Check for skip link in the root layout (src/layouts/*.astro)

Radix UI / Headless UI

• Check that asChild usage spreads all props and forwards refs — missing ref breaks Radix focus management
• Confirm Radix Dialog.Content has aria-labelledby pointing to Dialog.Title

Reporting Format

Group findings into four severity levels. Report only findings with evidence.

Critical (blocks PR)

Issues that make the UI completely unusable for keyboard or screen reader users.

• Keyboard traps (no Escape, focus stuck)
• Missing focus indicators (bare outline-none with no replacement)
• aria-hidden="true" on focusable elements
• Interactive <div> with no keyboard handler

Serious (fix before ship)

Issues that significantly impair assistive technology users.

• Missing form labels
• Icon-only buttons with no accessible name
• Missing heading structure on pages
• Dynamic content with no live region announcement

Moderate (fix in next sprint)

Issues that degrade the experience for some users.

• Skipped heading levels
• Missing skip links
• Hardcoded ARIA states not driven by component state
• Decorative SVGs not hidden from screen readers

Minor (best practice)

Low-impact issues or recommendations.

• Missing lang on <html>
• Generic link text ("click here", "read more")
• tabindex > 0 values
• Missing aria-label on duplicate landmarks

For each finding, output:

[SEVERITY] WCAG X.X.X — Short description
File: path/to/file.tsx:line
Code: <the problematic snippet>
Fix: Specific remediation

End the report with:

• Total count by severity
• WCAG 2.2 AA compliance summary (Pass / Fail / Needs Manual Verification)
• Top 3 priority fixes

What Automated Tools Catch vs. Manual Review

Automated scanning (axe-core, Lighthouse) catches ~30–80% of issues. These require manual verification:

• Whether alt text is meaningful (not just present)
• Reading order matches visual order
• Focus indicator is sufficiently visible (not just technically present)
• Live region announcements are timed correctly
• Keyboard interactions feel logical to a user

Always note when a finding requires manual verification with a screen reader.