Coding Standards

Coding Standards Skill

Level 1: Quick Start (5 minutes)

What You'll Learn

Apply essential coding standards for clean, maintainable code that follows industry best practices.

Core Principles

• Consistency: Follow established style guides (PEP 8, Airbnb, Google)
• Readability: Write self-documenting code with clear naming
• Maintainability: Keep functions small (<50 lines), files focused (<500 lines)
• Quality: Enforce standards with linters and formatters

Quick Reference

# ✅ Good: Clear naming, single responsibility
def calculate_user_discount(user: User, order: Order) -> Decimal:
    """Calculate discount based on user tier and order total."""
    if user.tier == "premium":
        return order.total * Decimal("0.15")
    return order.total * Decimal("0.05")

# ❌ Bad: Unclear naming, mixed concerns
def calc(u, o):
    d = 0.15 if u.t == "p" else 0.05
    save_to_db(u, o, d)  # Side effect!
    return o.t * d

Essential Checklist

• Follow language-specific style guide
• Use meaningful, descriptive names
• Limit function complexity (cyclomatic < 10)
• Configure linter and formatter
• Add pre-commit hooks

Common Pitfalls

• Inconsistent naming conventions within a project
• Functions that do too many things
• Missing or outdated documentation
• Skipping code reviews

Level 2: Implementation (30 minutes)

Deep Dive Topics

1. Code Style and Formatting

Naming Conventions by Language:

// TypeScript/JavaScript
class UserService {}           // PascalCase for classes
const getUserById = () => {}   // camelCase for functions
const API_ENDPOINT = "..."     // UPPER_SNAKE_CASE for constants

# Python
class UserService:              # PascalCase for classes
def get_user_by_id():          # snake_case for functions
API_ENDPOINT = "..."           # UPPER_SNAKE_CASE for constants

File Organization:

src/
├── models/           # Data models and types
├── services/         # Business logic (max 500 lines/file)
├── controllers/      # Request handlers
├── utils/           # Shared utilities
└── config/          # Configuration

2. Documentation Standards

Function Documentation:

/**
 * Calculates the final price after applying discounts and tax.
 *
 * @param basePrice - The original price before any adjustments
 * @param discountRate - Discount as a decimal (0.1 = 10%)
 * @param taxRate - Tax rate as a decimal (0.08 = 8%)
 * @returns The final price rounded to 2 decimal places
 * @throws {ValidationError} If basePrice is negative
 *
 * @example
 * const finalPrice = calculateFinalPrice(100, 0.1, 0.08);
 * // Returns 97.20 (100 - 10% discount + 8% tax)
 */
function calculateFinalPrice(
  basePrice: number,
  discountRate: number,
  taxRate: number
): number {
  if (basePrice < 0) {
    throw new ValidationError("Base price cannot be negative");
  }
  const discounted = basePrice * (1 - discountRate);
  return Math.round(discounted * (1 + taxRate) * 100) / 100;
}

3. Architecture Patterns

SOLID Principles Application:

// Single Responsibility Principle
class UserRepository {
  async findById(id: string): Promise<User> {}
  async save(user: User): Promise<void> {}
}

class UserValidator {
  validate(user: User): ValidationResult {}
}

// Dependency Injection
class UserService {
  constructor(
    private readonly repository: UserRepository,
    private readonly validator: UserValidator
  ) {}

  async createUser(userData: UserData): Promise<User> {
    const validation = this.validator.validate(userData);
    if (!validation.isValid) {
      throw new ValidationError(validation.errors);
    }
    return this.repository.save(new User(userData));
  }
}

4. Error Handling

// Custom error hierarchy
class ApplicationError extends Error {
  constructor(
    message: string,
    public code: string,
    public statusCode: number = 500
  ) {
    super(message);
    this.name = this.constructor.name;
  }
}

class ValidationError extends ApplicationError {
  constructor(message: string, public fields: string[]) {
    super(message, "VALIDATION_ERROR", 400);
  }
}

// Usage with proper error handling
async function processPayment(payment: Payment): Promise<Result> {
  try {
    validatePaymentData(payment);
    const result = await paymentGateway.charge(payment);
    await auditLog.record("payment.success", { paymentId: result.id });
    return result;
  } catch (error) {
    if (error instanceof ValidationError) {
      logger.warn("Invalid payment data", { fields: error.fields });
      throw error;
    }
    logger.error("Payment processing failed", { error, payment });
    throw new ApplicationError(
      "Payment processing failed",
      "PAYMENT_ERROR",
      502
    );
  }
}

Implementation Patterns

DRY (Don't Repeat Yourself)

// ❌ Bad: Repeated logic
function calculateEmployeeSalary(employee: Employee): number {
  if (employee.type === "full-time") {
    return employee.baseSalary * 1.2 + 5000;
  }
  return employee.baseSalary * 1.2;
}

function calculateContractorPay(contractor: Contractor): number {
  return contractor.baseSalary * 1.2;
}

// ✅ Good: Extracted common logic
function applyStandardBonus(baseSalary: number): number {
  return baseSalary * 1.2;
}

function calculateEmployeeSalary(employee: Employee): number {
  const withBonus = applyStandardBonus(employee.baseSalary);
  return employee.type === "full-time" ? withBonus + 5000 : withBonus;
}

Automation Tools

// package.json - Automation setup
{
  "scripts": {
    "lint": "eslint . --ext .ts,.tsx",
    "format": "prettier --write \"**/*.{ts,tsx,json,md}\"",
    "type-check": "tsc --noEmit",
    "validate": "npm run lint && npm run type-check && npm run test"
  },
  "husky": {
    "hooks": {
      "pre-commit": "lint-staged"
    }
  },
  "lint-staged": {
    "*.{ts,tsx}": ["eslint --fix", "prettier --write"],
    "*.{json,md}": ["prettier --write"]
  }
}

Integration Points

• Links to Security Standards for secure coding
• Links to Testing Standards for testable code design
• Links to NIST Compliance for SI-10, SI-11 controls

Level 3: Mastery (Extended Learning)

Advanced Topics

1. Performance Optimization Patterns

Memoization:

function memoize<T extends (...args: any[]) => any>(fn: T): T {
  const cache = new Map<string, ReturnType<T>>();
  return ((...args: Parameters<T>) => {
    const key = JSON.stringify(args);
    if (cache.has(key)) {
      return cache.get(key);
    }
    const result = fn(...args);
    cache.set(key, result);
    return result;
  }) as T;
}

// Usage
const expensiveCalculation = memoize((n: number) => {
  // Complex computation
  return Array.from({ length: n }, (_, i) => i * i).reduce((a, b) => a + b);
});

2. Concurrency Patterns

// Parallel execution with error handling
async function processItemsConcurrently<T, R>(
  items: T[],
  processor: (item: T) => Promise<R>,
  concurrency: number = 5
): Promise<Array<R | Error>> {
  const results: Array<R | Error> = [];
  const executing: Promise<void>[] = [];

  for (const item of items) {
    const promise = processor(item)
      .then((result) => {
        results.push(result);
      })
      .catch((error) => {
        results.push(error);
      });

    executing.push(promise);

    if (executing.length >= concurrency) {
      await Promise.race(executing);
      executing.splice(
        executing.findIndex((p) => p === promise),
        1
      );
    }
  }

  await Promise.all(executing);
  return results;
}

3. API Design Best Practices

// RESTful API design
interface ApiResponse<T> {
  data: T;
  meta: {
    timestamp: string;
    requestId: string;
  };
  errors?: ApiError[];
}

// Versioning strategy
app.use("/api/v1", v1Routes);
app.use("/api/v2", v2Routes);

// Pagination standard
interface PaginatedResponse<T> extends ApiResponse<T[]> {
  pagination: {
    page: number;
    pageSize: number;
    totalItems: number;
    totalPages: number;
  };
}

4. Refactoring Strategies

Extract Method:

// Before
function generateReport(data: Data[]): Report {
  // 100+ lines of complex logic
  const filtered = data.filter(/* complex condition */);
  const transformed = filtered.map(/* complex transformation */);
  const aggregated = transformed.reduce(/* complex aggregation */);
  // More complex logic...
}

// After
function generateReport(data: Data[]): Report {
  const filtered = filterRelevantData(data);
  const transformed = transformDataForReport(filtered);
  const aggregated = aggregateMetrics(transformed);
  return formatReport(aggregated);
}

Resources

Essential Reading

• Clean Code by Robert C. Martin
• Refactoring by Martin Fowler
• Design Patterns: Elements of Reusable Object-Oriented Software

Tools and Frameworks

• Linters: ESLint, Pylint, RuboCop, Checkstyle
• Formatters: Prettier, Black, gofmt
• Static Analysis: SonarQube, CodeClimate, DeepSource
• Documentation: JSDoc, Sphinx, Doxygen

Language-Specific Style Guides

• Python PEP 8
• Google JavaScript Style Guide
• Airbnb JavaScript Style Guide
• Google Java Style Guide
• Effective Go

Templates

Code Review Checklist

## Code Review Checklist

### Functionality
- [ ] Code meets requirements
- [ ] Edge cases handled
- [ ] Error handling comprehensive

### Code Quality
- [ ] Follows style guide
- [ ] Names are clear and descriptive
- [ ] Functions are focused (<50 lines)
- [ ] No code duplication

### Testing
- [ ] Unit tests included
- [ ] Tests cover edge cases
- [ ] Tests are maintainable

### Documentation
- [ ] Public APIs documented
- [ ] Complex logic explained
- [ ] README updated if needed

### Security
- [ ] No hardcoded secrets
- [ ] Input validation present
- [ ] SQL injection prevented

Scripts

Complexity Checker

#!/usr/bin/env python3
"""Check cyclomatic complexity of Python files."""
import sys
from radon.complexity import cc_visit

def check_complexity(filename: str, max_complexity: int = 10) -> bool:
    """Check if file exceeds complexity threshold."""
    with open(filename) as f:
        code = f.read()

    results = cc_visit(code)
    violations = [r for r in results if r.complexity > max_complexity]

    if violations:
        print(f"❌ {filename}: Complexity violations found")
        for v in violations:
            print(f"  - {v.name}: complexity {v.complexity} (max {max_complexity})")
        return False

    print(f"✅ {filename}: All functions within complexity limit")
    return True

if __name__ == "__main__":
    if len(sys.argv) < 2:
        print("Usage: check_complexity.py <file>")
        sys.exit(1)

    passed = check_complexity(sys.argv[1])
    sys.exit(0 if passed else 1)

Examples

Basic Usage

// TODO: Add basic example for coding-standards
// This example demonstrates core functionality

Advanced Usage

// TODO: Add advanced example for coding-standards
// This example shows production-ready patterns

Integration Example

// TODO: Add integration example showing how coding-standards
// works with other systems and services

See examples/coding-standards/ for complete working examples.

Integration Points

This skill integrates with:

Upstream Dependencies

• Tools: Common development tools and frameworks
• Prerequisites: Basic understanding of general concepts

Downstream Consumers

• Applications: Production systems requiring coding-standards functionality
• CI/CD Pipelines: Automated testing and deployment workflows
• Monitoring Systems: Observability and logging platforms

Related Skills

• See other skills in this category

Common Integration Patterns

1. Development Workflow: How this skill fits into daily development
2. Production Deployment: Integration with production systems
3. Monitoring & Alerting: Observability integration points

Common Pitfalls

Pitfall 1: Insufficient Testing

Problem: Not testing edge cases and error conditions leads to production bugs

Solution: Implement comprehensive test coverage including:

• Happy path scenarios
• Error handling and edge cases
• Integration points with external systems

Prevention: Enforce minimum code coverage (80%+) in CI/CD pipeline

Pitfall 2: Hardcoded Configuration

Problem: Hardcoding values makes applications inflexible and environment-dependent

Solution: Use environment variables and configuration management:

• Separate config from code
• Use environment-specific configuration files
• Never commit secrets to version control

Prevention: Use tools like dotenv, config validators, and secret scanners

Pitfall 3: Ignoring Security Best Practices

Problem: Security vulnerabilities from not following established security patterns

Solution: Follow security guidelines:

• Input validation and sanitization
• Proper authentication and authorization
• Encrypted data transmission (TLS/SSL)
• Regular security audits and updates

Prevention: Use security linters, SAST tools, and regular dependency updates

Best Practices:

• Follow established patterns and conventions for coding-standards
• Keep dependencies up to date and scan for vulnerabilities
• Write comprehensive documentation and inline comments
• Use linting and formatting tools consistently
• Implement proper error handling and logging
• Regular code reviews and pair programming
• Monitor production metrics and set up alerts

Bundled Resources

• Full CODING_STANDARDS.md
• UNIFIED_STANDARDS.md
• Example linter configs in ./resources/
• Pre-commit hook templates in ./templates/
• Complexity checking scripts in ./scripts/