Container Security

Container Security Skill

Overview

Implement defense-in-depth security practices for containerized applications. Master vulnerability scanning, image hardening, secrets management, runtime security, and compliance with CIS Docker Benchmark to build secure, production-ready containers.

Vulnerability Scanning

Use Trivy for Comprehensive Scanning

Scan Images for Vulnerabilities:

Install and run Trivy to detect CVEs in container images:

# Install Trivy
brew install aquasecurity/trivy/trivy

# Scan image for vulnerabilities
trivy image myapp:latest

# Filter by severity
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp:latest

# Output JSON for automation
trivy image --format json --output results.json myapp:latest

# Scan with exit code on findings
trivy image --exit-code 1 --severity CRITICAL myapp:latest

Scan Dockerfiles for Misconfigurations:

Detect security issues in Dockerfiles:

# Scan Dockerfile
trivy config Dockerfile

# Scan with specific policies
trivy config --policy ./policies Dockerfile

# Output in table format
trivy config --format table Dockerfile

Integrate Scanning into CI/CD:

Add Trivy scanning to GitHub Actions:

name: Container Security Scan

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]
  pull_request:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  scan:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout code
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Build image
        run: docker build -t myapp:${{ github.sha }} .

      - name: Run Trivy vulnerability scanner
        uses: aquasecurity/trivy-action@master
        with:
          image-ref: myapp:${{ github.sha }}
          format: 'sarif'
          output: 'trivy-results.sarif'
          severity: 'CRITICAL,HIGH'
          exit-code: '1'

      - name: Upload Trivy results to GitHub Security
        uses: github/codeql-action/upload-sarif@v2
        if: always()
        with:
          sarif_file: 'trivy-results.sarif'

Implement Continuous Monitoring

Schedule Regular Scans:

Set up automated scanning for deployed images:

# Scan all images in registry
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL \
  $(docker images --format "{{.Repository}}:{{.Tag}}")

# Scan specific registry
trivy image ghcr.io/org/app:latest

# Generate SBOM (Software Bill of Materials)
trivy image --format cyclonedx myapp:latest > sbom.json

Configure Scanning Policies:

Create custom policies with .trivyignore:

# .trivyignore
# Ignore specific CVEs (with justification)
CVE-2023-12345  # Fixed in runtime, not exploitable in our context
CVE-2023-67890  # Mitigation applied via network policies

# Ignore low severity in specific packages
CVE-2023-11111 package=curl

Image Hardening

Use Non-Root Users

Run Containers as Unprivileged Users:

Never run containers as root:

FROM node:20-alpine

# Create non-root user
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S appuser && \
    adduser -S appuser -u 1001 -G appuser

# Set up application directory
WORKDIR /app
COPY --chown=appuser:appuser . .

# Install dependencies
RUN npm ci --only=production

# Switch to non-root user
USER appuser

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

Verify User in Runtime:

Check effective user in running container:

docker run --rm myapp:latest id
# Expected output: uid=1001(appuser) gid=1001(appuser)

Implement Read-Only Root Filesystem

Make Filesystem Immutable:

Run containers with read-only root:

FROM python:3.11-slim

RUN useradd -m -u 1001 appuser

WORKDIR /app
COPY --chown=appuser:appuser . .

RUN pip install --no-cache-dir -r requirements.txt

USER appuser

# Create writable temp directory
RUN mkdir -p /tmp/app && chown appuser:appuser /tmp/app

ENV TMPDIR=/tmp/app

CMD ["python", "app.py"]

Run with read-only filesystem:

docker run --read-only --tmpfs /tmp myapp:latest

Kubernetes configuration:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: secure-app
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: myapp:latest
        securityContext:
          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
          runAsNonRoot: true
          runAsUser: 1001
        volumeMounts:
        - name: tmp
          mountPath: /tmp
      volumes:
      - name: tmp
        emptyDir: {}

Minimize Attack Surface

Use Minimal Base Images:

Choose distroless or scratch images:

# Option 1: Distroless (no shell, no package manager)
FROM gcr.io/distroless/python3-debian12

COPY --chown=nonroot:nonroot app/ /app/
WORKDIR /app

USER nonroot
CMD ["main.py"]

# Option 2: Scratch (for static binaries)
FROM golang:1.21 AS builder
WORKDIR /src
COPY . .
RUN CGO_ENABLED=0 go build -o app

FROM scratch
COPY --from=builder /src/app /app
COPY --from=builder /etc/ssl/certs/ca-certificates.crt /etc/ssl/certs/
USER 65534:65534
ENTRYPOINT ["/app"]

# Option 3: Alpine (minimal with package manager)
FROM alpine:3.19
RUN apk add --no-cache ca-certificates && \
    adduser -D -u 1001 appuser
COPY --chown=appuser:appuser app /app
USER appuser
CMD ["/app"]

Remove Unnecessary Packages:

Clean up build dependencies:

FROM ubuntu:22.04

# Install build dependencies, build, then remove in same layer
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    build-essential \
    python3-dev && \
    # Build application
    pip3 install -r requirements.txt && \
    # Remove build tools
    apt-get purge -y --auto-remove build-essential python3-dev && \
    apt-get clean && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

Secrets Management

Never Embed Secrets in Images

Use Environment Variables:

Pass secrets at runtime:

FROM node:20-alpine

WORKDIR /app
COPY package*.json ./
RUN npm ci --only=production
COPY . .

USER node

# Don't set secret values in Dockerfile
ENV NODE_ENV=production
# ENV API_KEY=secret123  # NEVER DO THIS

CMD ["node", "server.js"]

Run with secrets:

# Bad: Visible in process list and history
docker run -e API_KEY=secret123 myapp:latest

# Better: Read from file
docker run --env-file .env.production myapp:latest

# Best: Use secrets management
docker run --secret id=api_key,src=./secrets/api_key myapp:latest

Implement Docker Secrets:

Use BuildKit secrets for build-time secrets:

# syntax=docker/dockerfile:1.4

FROM python:3.11-slim

WORKDIR /app

# Use secret during build without persisting it
RUN --mount=type=secret,id=pip_token \
    PIP_TOKEN=$(cat /run/secrets/pip_token) && \
    pip install --extra-index-url https://token:${PIP_TOKEN}@private-repo.com/simple/ \
    -r requirements.txt

COPY . .
CMD ["python", "app.py"]

Build with secrets:

docker buildx build \
  --secret id=pip_token,src=./secrets/pip_token \
  -t myapp:latest .

Integrate with Secrets Managers

Use Kubernetes Secrets:

Reference secrets in pod specs:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
  name: app-secrets
type: Opaque
stringData:
  database-url: postgresql://user:pass@db:5432/mydb
  api-key: super-secret-key

---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: app
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: myapp:latest
        env:
        - name: DATABASE_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: app-secrets
              key: database-url
        - name: API_KEY
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: app-secrets
              key: api-key

Integrate with HashiCorp Vault:

Use Vault agent injector:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: app
spec:
  template:
    metadata:
      annotations:
        vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject: "true"
        vault.hashicorp.com/agent-inject-secret-config: "secret/data/myapp/config"
        vault.hashicorp.com/role: "myapp"
    spec:
      serviceAccountName: myapp
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: myapp:latest

Runtime Security

Apply Security Contexts

Configure Pod Security Standards:

Implement restrictive security contexts:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Pod
metadata:
  name: secure-pod
spec:
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 1001
    fsGroup: 1001
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault

  containers:
  - name: app
    image: myapp:latest
    securityContext:
      allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
      readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
      runAsNonRoot: true
      runAsUser: 1001
      capabilities:
        drop:
        - ALL
        add:
        - NET_BIND_SERVICE

Limit Container Capabilities

Drop All Capabilities by Default:

Only grant necessary capabilities:

# Dockerfile with minimal capabilities
FROM alpine:3.19
RUN adduser -D -u 1001 appuser
COPY app /app
USER appuser
CMD ["/app"]

Docker run with limited capabilities:

docker run \
  --cap-drop=ALL \
  --cap-add=NET_BIND_SERVICE \
  --security-opt=no-new-privileges \
  myapp:latest

Kubernetes configuration:

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: app
spec:
  template:
    spec:
      containers:
      - name: app
        image: myapp:latest
        securityContext:
          capabilities:
            drop:
            - ALL
            add:
            - NET_BIND_SERVICE
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false

Implement Network Policies

Restrict Network Access:

Define network policies to limit traffic:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: app-network-policy
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      app: myapp
  policyTypes:
  - Ingress
  - Egress
  ingress:
  - from:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          app: frontend
    ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 8080
  egress:
  - to:
    - podSelector:
        matchLabels:
          app: database
    ports:
    - protocol: TCP
      port: 5432
  - to:
    - namespaceSelector: {}
    ports:
    - protocol: UDP
      port: 53  # DNS

CIS Benchmark Compliance

Follow CIS Docker Benchmark

Implement Key Controls:

Apply critical CIS recommendations:

1. Use Trusted Base Images:

# Use official images from verified publishers
FROM node:20-alpine

# Verify image signatures
# docker trust inspect node:20-alpine

2. Don't Install Unnecessary Packages:

FROM debian:12-slim

# Install only required packages
RUN apt-get update && \
    apt-get install -y --no-install-recommends \
    python3 \
    python3-pip && \
    apt-get clean && \
    rm -rf /var/lib/apt/lists/*

3. Scan Images for Vulnerabilities (CIS 4.5):

# Regular scanning
trivy image --severity HIGH,CRITICAL myapp:latest

4. Use COPY Instead of ADD (CIS 4.9):

# Good
COPY app.py /app/

# Avoid unless needed
ADD https://example.com/file.tar.gz /tmp/

5. Configure Health Checks (CIS 4.6):

HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s --start-period=5s \
  CMD curl -f http://localhost:8080/health || exit 1

6. Set Filesystem to Read-Only (CIS 5.12):

docker run --read-only --tmpfs /tmp myapp:latest

7. Limit Container Resources (CIS 5.10, 5.11):

docker run \
  --memory="512m" \
  --memory-swap="512m" \
  --cpus="0.5" \
  myapp:latest

Audit with Docker Bench Security

Run Automated CIS Checks:

Use Docker Bench Security:

# Clone Docker Bench Security
git clone https://github.com/docker/docker-bench-security.git
cd docker-bench-security

# Run audit
sudo sh docker-bench-security.sh

# Run specific checks
sudo sh docker-bench-security.sh -c container_images

# Output to file
sudo sh docker-bench-security.sh -l /tmp/docker-bench.log

Address Common Findings:

Fix typical CIS violations:

# Before (non-compliant)
FROM node:latest
COPY . /app
WORKDIR /app
RUN npm install
CMD npm start

# After (CIS compliant)
FROM node:20.11.1-alpine3.19

# Create non-root user
RUN addgroup -g 1001 -S nodejs && \
    adduser -S nodejs -u 1001

WORKDIR /app

# Copy dependency manifests
COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs package*.json ./

# Install dependencies
RUN npm ci --only=production && \
    npm cache clean --force

# Copy application
COPY --chown=nodejs:nodejs . .

# Switch to non-root user
USER nodejs

# Health check
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s \
  CMD node healthcheck.js

EXPOSE 3000
CMD ["node", "server.js"]

Vulnerability Remediation

Prioritize Fixes by Severity

Triage Vulnerability Findings:

Address vulnerabilities systematically:

1. Critical: Immediate remediation required
2. High: Fix within 7 days
3. Medium: Fix within 30 days
4. Low: Fix during routine updates

Update Base Images:

Keep base images current:

# Check for updates regularly
FROM node:20-alpine  # Update from 20.10.0 to 20.11.1

# Pin specific version for reproducibility
FROM node:20.11.1-alpine3.19

# Rebuild images monthly to get security patches

Patch Application Dependencies:

Update vulnerable packages:

# Check for outdated packages
npm audit

# Fix vulnerabilities
npm audit fix

# Force fix (may introduce breaking changes)
npm audit fix --force

# Update specific package
npm update package-name

Implement Defense in Depth

Layer Security Controls:

Apply multiple security measures:

1. Build Time:

   • Scan images with Trivy
   • Use minimal base images
   • Remove build dependencies

2. Registry:

   • Sign images with Docker Content Trust
   • Scan on push to registry
   • Implement RBAC for registry access

3. Runtime:

   • Apply security contexts
   • Use network policies
   • Enable runtime security monitoring

# Complete secure deployment example
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  name: secure-app
spec:
  replicas: 3
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: secure-app
    spec:
      securityContext:
        runAsNonRoot: true
        runAsUser: 1001
        fsGroup: 1001
        seccompProfile:
          type: RuntimeDefault

      containers:
      - name: app
        image: ghcr.io/org/app:v1.2.3@sha256:abc123...
        securityContext:
          allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
          readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
          capabilities:
            drop:
            - ALL
        resources:
          limits:
            memory: "512Mi"
            cpu: "500m"
          requests:
            memory: "256Mi"
            cpu: "250m"
        livenessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /health
            port: 8080
        readinessProbe:
          httpGet:
            path: /ready
            port: 8080
        volumeMounts:
        - name: tmp
          mountPath: /tmp
        env:
        - name: DATABASE_URL
          valueFrom:
            secretKeyRef:
              name: app-secrets
              key: database-url

      volumes:
      - name: tmp
        emptyDir: {}

      serviceAccountName: app-sa
      automountServiceAccountToken: false

Compliance and Auditing

Generate SBOMs

Create Software Bill of Materials:

Track dependencies for compliance:

# Generate SBOM with Trivy
trivy image --format cyclonedx --output sbom.json myapp:latest

# Generate SBOM with Syft
syft myapp:latest -o cyclonedx-json > sbom.json

# Attest SBOM to image
cosign attest --predicate sbom.json --type cyclonedx myapp:latest

Sign Container Images

Implement Image Signing:

Use Cosign for signing:

# Generate key pair
cosign generate-key-pair

# Sign image
cosign sign --key cosign.key myapp:latest

# Verify signature
cosign verify --key cosign.pub myapp:latest

# Sign with keyless (OIDC)
cosign sign myapp:latest

Official References

• Trivy Documentation: https://aquasecurity.github.io/trivy/
• CIS Docker Benchmark: https://www.cisecurity.org/benchmark/docker
• Docker Security Best Practices: https://docs.docker.com/develop/security-best-practices/
• OWASP Docker Security Cheat Sheet: https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/Docker_Security_Cheat_Sheet.html
• Kubernetes Security Best Practices: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/security/

Related Skills

• Container Best Practices - Dockerfile optimization and build efficiency
• Kubernetes Skill - Runtime security in orchestrated environments
• DevOps Practices - Security integration in CI/CD pipelines