Dotenvx

dotenvx Skill

dotenvx is a secure dotenv from the creator of the original dotenv package. It adds encryption, multi-environment support, and cross-platform compatibility to environment variable management. Think of it as "dotenv with encryption" - your secrets are encrypted at rest and can be safely committed to version control.

Core Value Proposition: Encrypt your .env files so they can be safely committed to git, while keeping decryption keys separate and secure.

When to Use This Skill

This skill should be triggered when:

• Setting up secure environment variable management
• Encrypting .env files for version control
• Managing secrets across multiple environments (dev, staging, production)
• Migrating from plaintext .env to encrypted secrets
• Deploying applications with encrypted configuration
• Configuring dotenvx in CI/CD pipelines
• Troubleshooting dotenvx encryption/decryption issues

When NOT to Use This Skill

• For basic dotenv usage without encryption (use standard dotenv docs)
• For cloud-native secrets managers (AWS Secrets Manager, HashiCorp Vault)
• For Kubernetes secrets management (use k8s secrets/sealed-secrets)

Core Concepts

The Security Problem

Traditional .env files are plaintext - if committed to git or exposed, all secrets are compromised. dotenvx solves this by:

1. Encrypting secrets with AES-256 and Secp256k1 elliptic curve cryptography
2. Separating the encrypted file (safe to commit) from the decryption key (kept secure)
3. Decrypting automatically at runtime when the private key is available

Architecture

┌─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│                    dotenvx WORKFLOW                          │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘

   .env (plaintext)              .env.keys (NEVER commit)
   ┌──────────────────┐          ┌──────────────────────────┐
   │ HELLO=World      │          │ DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY=...   │
   │ API_KEY=secret   │          │ DOTENV_PUBLIC_KEY=...    │
   └────────┬─────────┘          └────────────┬─────────────┘
            │                                  │
            ▼  dotenvx encrypt                 │
   ┌──────────────────┐                        │
   │ HELLO="encrypted:│◄───────────────────────┘
   │   BE9Y5L..."     │     Uses public key to encrypt
   │ API_KEY="encrypt │
   │   ed:CGY8..."    │
   └────────┬─────────┘
            │
            ▼  Safe to commit to git!
   ┌──────────────────┐
   │   Git Repository │
   └────────┬─────────┘
            │
            ▼  dotenvx run (at runtime)
   ┌──────────────────┐
   │ Decrypts using   │◄── Private key from:
   │ private key      │    - .env.keys file
   │                  │    - DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY env var
   └────────┬─────────┘
            │
            ▼
   ┌──────────────────┐
   │ process.env.HELLO│
   │ = "World"        │
   └──────────────────┘

Key Files

Installation

npm (Recommended for Node.js projects)

npm install @dotenvx/dotenvx --save

Homebrew (macOS/Linux global install)

brew install dotenvx/brew/dotenvx

Shell Script (Universal)

curl -sfS https://dotenvx.sh | sh

Docker

docker run -it --rm -v $(pwd):/app dotenv/dotenvx help

Windows

winget install dotenvx

npx (No install)

npx @dotenvx/dotenvx help

CLI Commands Reference

run - Inject Environment Variables

Run any command with environment variables injected:

# Basic usage
dotenvx run -- node index.js

# Specify environment file
dotenvx run -f .env.production -- node index.js

# Multiple files (earlier takes precedence)
dotenvx run -f .env.local -f .env -- node index.js

# Use framework conventions (Next.js, etc.)
dotenvx run --convention=nextjs -- npm run build

# Override existing environment variables
dotenvx run --overload -- node index.js

encrypt - Encrypt .env Files

Convert plaintext .env to encrypted format:

# Encrypt default .env file
dotenvx encrypt

# Encrypt specific file
dotenvx encrypt -f .env.production

# Encrypt all .env* files
dotenvx encrypt -f .env*

Result: Creates/updates .env.keys with encryption keys.

decrypt - Decrypt .env Files

Revert encrypted .env to plaintext:

# Decrypt default .env file
dotenvx decrypt

# Decrypt specific file
dotenvx decrypt -f .env.production

set - Set Encrypted Variables

Add or update encrypted variables:

# Set a variable (encrypts automatically)
dotenvx set HELLO World

# Set in specific environment
dotenvx set HELLO production -f .env.production

# Set from stdin (for sensitive values)
echo "supersecret" | dotenvx set API_KEY

get - Retrieve Variable Values

# Get single variable
dotenvx get HELLO

# Get from specific file
dotenvx get HELLO -f .env.production

# Get all variables as JSON
dotenvx get --all --format json

keypair - Manage Encryption Keys

# Show public/private key pair
dotenvx keypair

# Show for specific environment
dotenvx keypair -f .env.production

Multi-Environment Setup

Recommended Structure

project/
├── .env                    # Development (encrypted)
├── .env.production         # Production (encrypted)
├── .env.staging            # Staging (encrypted)
├── .env.local              # Local overrides (not committed)
├── .env.keys               # All private keys (NEVER commit)
└── .gitignore

.gitignore Configuration

# Never commit private keys
.env.keys

# Never commit local overrides
.env.local
.env.*.local

# DO commit encrypted .env files
# (remove these from .gitignore if present)
# .env
# .env.production
# .env.staging

Environment-Specific Keys

Each environment gets its own key pair:

# .env.keys after encrypting multiple environments
DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY="ec9d6..."           # For .env
DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION="a]c8..."  # For .env.production
DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_STAGING="3d5f..."     # For .env.staging

Loading Order with Conventions

# Next.js convention loads in this order:
# .env.local → .env.development → .env
dotenvx run --convention=nextjs -- npm run dev

Integration Examples

Node.js Application

package.json:

{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "dotenvx run -- node index.js",
    "start": "dotenvx run -f .env.production -- node index.js"
  }
}

index.js:

// Option 1: Use dotenvx as drop-in replacement
require('@dotenvx/dotenvx').config()
console.log(process.env.HELLO)

// Option 2: Use dotenvx.get() for explicit access
const dotenvx = require('@dotenvx/dotenvx')
dotenvx.config()
console.log(dotenvx.get('HELLO'))

Next.js

package.json:

{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "dotenvx run --convention=nextjs -- next dev",
    "build": "dotenvx run -f .env.production -- next build",
    "start": "dotenvx run -f .env.production -- next start"
  }
}

Docker

Dockerfile:

FROM node:20-alpine

# Install dotenvx
RUN curl -sfS https://dotenvx.sh | sh

WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN npm install

# Run with dotenvx (provide DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY at runtime)
CMD ["dotenvx", "run", "--", "node", "index.js"]

docker-compose.yml:

services:
  app:
    build: .
    environment:
      - DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION=${DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION}

GitHub Actions

name: Deploy
on: [push]

jobs:
  deploy:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install dotenvx
        run: curl -sfS https://dotenvx.sh | sh

      - name: Build with secrets
        env:
          DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION: ${{ secrets.DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION }}
        run: dotenvx run -f .env.production -- npm run build

Vercel

1. Encrypt production secrets:

dotenvx set API_KEY "production-secret" -f .env.production

2. Add private key to Vercel:

vercel env add DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION
# Paste the key from .env.keys

3. Update build command in vercel.json:

{
  "buildCommand": "dotenvx run -f .env.production -- npm run build"
}

.env File Syntax

Basic Format

# Comments start with #
HELLO=World
DATABASE_URL=postgres://localhost/mydb

# Quoted values
MESSAGE="Hello, World!"
SINGLE_QUOTED='No $expansion here'

# Multiline with backticks
PRIVATE_KEY=`-----BEGIN RSA PRIVATE KEY-----
MIIEpAIBAAKCAQEA...
-----END RSA PRIVATE KEY-----`

Variable Expansion

# Reference other variables
BASE_URL=https://api.example.com
API_ENDPOINT=${BASE_URL}/v1

# Default values
PORT=${PORT:-3000}

# Alternate if set
DEBUG_MODE=${DEBUG:+enabled}

Command Substitution

# Embed command output
HOSTNAME=$(hostname)
USER=$(whoami)
TIMESTAMP=$(date +%s)

Encrypted Values

After running dotenvx encrypt:

#/-------------------[DOTENV_PUBLIC_KEY]--------------------/
#/            public-key encryption for .env files          /
#/       [how it works](https://dotenvx.com/encryption)     /
#/----------------------------------------------------------/
DOTENV_PUBLIC_KEY="034a..."

# Encrypted values
HELLO="encrypted:BE9Y5L3OxAOOmfq..."
API_KEY="encrypted:CGY8BDMHfq..."

Security Best Practices

Key Management

1. Never commit .env.keys - Add to .gitignore immediately
2. Store private keys in secrets manager - GitHub Secrets, Vercel Env, AWS SSM
3. Rotate keys periodically - Re-encrypt with new keys
4. Use environment-specific keys - Different keys for dev/staging/production

CI/CD Security

# Set private key as environment variable
export DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION="your-private-key"

# dotenvx automatically uses it for decryption
dotenvx run -f .env.production -- npm run build

Team Workflow

# Developer 1: Encrypts new secret
dotenvx set NEW_API_KEY "secret123"
git add .env
git commit -m "Add NEW_API_KEY (encrypted)"
git push

# Developer 2: Pulls and runs (has .env.keys locally)
git pull
dotenvx run -- npm run dev  # Works automatically

Sharing Keys Securely

# Option 1: Secure channel (1Password, Signal, etc.)
cat .env.keys | pbcopy  # Copy to clipboard

# Option 2: In-person/video call

# Option 3: Company secrets manager
# Store DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY in vault

Troubleshooting

"Missing private key"

Error: Missing private key for .env.production

Solution: Set the private key:

# Option 1: Create/restore .env.keys file
echo 'DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION="abc123..."' > .env.keys

# Option 2: Set environment variable
export DOTENV_PRIVATE_KEY_PRODUCTION="abc123..."

"Cannot decrypt"

Cause: Wrong private key or corrupted encrypted value

Solution:

# Verify key matches
dotenvx keypair -f .env.production

# Re-encrypt if needed
dotenvx decrypt -f .env.production  # If you have the right key
dotenvx encrypt -f .env.production

Variables Not Loading

# Debug: Show what dotenvx is loading
dotenvx run --debug -- node -e "console.log(process.env)"

# Check file is being read
dotenvx run -f .env.production --verbose -- echo "loaded"

Encrypted Values in Wrong File

# Check which file has encrypted values
grep "encrypted:" .env*

# Ensure matching .env.keys entries
cat .env.keys

Migration from dotenv

Step 1: Install dotenvx

npm install @dotenvx/dotenvx --save
npm uninstall dotenv

Step 2: Update Code

// Before
require('dotenv').config()

// After (drop-in replacement)
require('@dotenvx/dotenvx').config()

Step 3: Encrypt Existing .env

# Encrypt current .env file
dotenvx encrypt

# Verify encryption worked
cat .env  # Should show encrypted: values

# Save .env.keys somewhere secure!
cat .env.keys

Step 4: Update Scripts

{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "dotenvx run -- node index.js",
    "start": "dotenvx run -f .env.production -- node index.js"
  }
}

Resources

Official Documentation

• dotenvx Docs
• GitHub Repository
• Encryption Details

Integrations

• Vercel Guide
• Heroku Guide
• Docker Guide
• GitHub Actions

Language Support

• Node.js, Python, Ruby, Go, PHP, Rust, Java
• Frameworks: Next.js, Express, Flask, Rails, Laravel

Version History

• 1.0.0 (2026-01-11): Initial skill release
  • Complete dotenvx overview and installation
  • CLI commands reference (run, encrypt, decrypt, set, get, keypair)
  • Multi-environment configuration
  • Integration examples (Node.js, Next.js, Docker, CI/CD)
  • .env file syntax reference
  • Security best practices
  • Migration guide from dotenv