Python Fastapi Test Conventions

Testing Guidelines

Test pyramid, conventions, and rules for the backend codebase.

Test Pyramid

Repository tests

• Use a real test database (not mocks)

• Test each query method: found, not found, edge cases

• Verify constraints (unique, FK, nullable)

• Repositories return None for not-found queries — use scalar_one_or_none(). Tests assert None, not pytest.raises

• Not-found tests must populate the table first — create a record via factory before asserting None for a different query. Testing against an empty table proves nothing — of course it returns None when there's no data. The real test is: can this query correctly return None when data exists but doesn't match the filter?

  # Bad — empty table, trivially passes
  def test_get_by_id_returns_none_when_not_found():
      result = repo.get_by_id(some_uuid)
      assert result is None  # table is empty, this proves nothing
  
  # Good — data exists, but query filters correctly
  def test_get_by_id_returns_none_when_not_found():
      UserFactory(id=UUID("00000000-0000-0000-0000-000000000001"))
      result = repo.get_by_id(UUID("a1b2c3d4-5678-9abc-def0-1234567890ab"))
      assert result is None  # proves the query filters, not just that the table is empty
  

• Use explicit IDs when the test references them — pass id=UUID(...) to the factory so the UUID is visible

• Update tests must prove a change happened — create with initial value, update to different value, assert updated value

• Assert every input field — including foreign keys like tenant_id

• Never call session.flush() in tests — flush() sends pending SQL to the database without committing. In tests with transaction rollback, this can cause confusing behavior — the test might pass because flush() made data visible within the same session, but in production (where commit() is used), the behavior could differ.

  The only exception is constraint violation tests — flush() is required there because IntegrityError only fires when SQL actually hits the database:

  # Bad — flush in a regular test, hides commit-time behavior differences
  def test_create_user():
      UserFactory(email="test@test.com")
      session.flush()  # unnecessary, can mask production behavior
      assert session.query(UserORM).count() == 1
  
  # Good — flush only for constraint violation tests
  def test_duplicate_email_raises_integrity_error():
      UserFactory(email="test@test.com")
      UserFactory(email="test@test.com")
      with pytest.raises(IntegrityError):
          session.flush()  # forces SQL execution, triggers unique constraint
  

Service tests

• Inject mock repos via constructor — pass Mock(spec=UserRepository) directly. Never use @patch for repos. Constructor injection makes dependencies explicit and testable. @patch hides what's being mocked and breaks when modules are renamed or moved.

  # Bad — @patch hides the dependency, fragile to refactoring
  @patch("src.services.users.user.UserRepository")
  def test_create_user(mock_repo):
      ...
  
  # Good — explicit injection, clear what's mocked
  def test_create_user():
      repo = Mock(spec=UserRepository)
      service = UserService(repo, session)
      ...
  

• Test business logic: success paths, error paths, edge cases

• Assert all orchestration calls — verify every repo method was called with the correct args

Client tests (external API wrappers)

• Inject mock HTTP client via constructor — pass Mock(spec=httpx.Client) directly. Never use @patch.

• Test success paths, HTTP error handling, and response validation

Integration tests

• Hit actual HTTP endpoints via FastAPI TestClient. Real DB, real middleware.

• Happy path only — one test per endpoint

Domain tests

• Pure unit tests, no mocks, no DB. Only write domain tests when domain entities contain actual business logic (validation, calculations, state transitions). Plain data containers (dataclasses with fields only) have nothing to test.

Conventions

• Test file naming: test_{module}.py mirroring the source file

• Test function naming: test_{method}_{scenario} where scenario includes the result. Never vague names.

  # Good — method + scenario + result
  def test_get_by_id_returns_none_when_not_found():
  def test_create_category_raises_duplicate_error_when_name_exists():
  def test_list_users_returns_empty_list_when_no_users():
  
  # Bad — vague, no result
  def test_get_by_id():
  def test_create_category_error():
  def test_list_users():
  

• One assertion per test where practical

• Test directory mirrors source:

  src/services/users/user.py       → tests/unit/services/users/test_user.py
  src/persistence/repositories/    → tests/unit/persistence/repositories/
  src/api/routes/                  → tests/unit/api/routes/
  

• Variable naming: Name variables by their type — tenant_orm not result

• Inline test values — NEVER extract test data into module-level constants

• Prefer flat functions over classes — avoid class in test files. Each test should be independent with its own setup. Use conftest.py fixtures for shared setup. Classes are acceptable when testing a stateful object that requires multi-step interaction (e.g., testing a state machine's transitions, or a builder pattern where each test calls methods in sequence on the same instance).

  # Good — flat functions (default for most tests)
  def test_create_user_returns_none():
      ...
  
  def test_create_user_raises_duplicate_error():
      ...
  
  # Good — class for stateful multi-step interaction
  class TestOrderStateMachine:
      def setup_method(self):
          self.order = Order(status=OrderStatus.DRAFT)
  
      def test_submit_moves_to_pending(self):
          self.order.submit()
          assert self.order.status == OrderStatus.PENDING
  
      def test_submit_twice_raises_error(self):
          self.order.submit()
          with pytest.raises(InvalidTransitionError):
              self.order.submit()
  

• No test helper functions in test files — inline setup. Shared helpers go in conftest.py

• Always use Mock — never use MagicMock. Mock is sufficient for all standard mocking needs.

• Assert error details — verify error messages/codes, not just status codes

• Assert elements explicitly — prefer list comparison or index-based assertions over set comprehensions, which lose ordering and hide duplicates.

  # Bad — set comprehension loses order, hides duplicates
  assert {u.name for u in users} == {"Alice", "Bob"}
  
  # Bad — just checking length, doesn't verify content
  assert len(users) == 2
  
  # Good — explicit, ordered, catches wrong data
  assert users[0].name == "Alice"
  assert users[1].name == "Bob"
  

• No unnecessary intermediate variables — assert inline

• Never create variables just to avoid repeating literals — repetition is clarity

Test Infrastructure

• Tests require a running PostgreSQL instance — start a local database before running tests (e.g., via Docker Compose, a Makefile target, or a local Postgres installation)

• pytest as test runner, SQLAlchemy session per test (rolled back), FastAPI TestClient for integration, factory_boy

conftest.py Setup

The root conftest.py wires together the session, factories, and test client. Every test gets a fresh transaction that rolls back on teardown — no data leaks between tests, no truncation needed.

# tests/conftest.py
TEST_DATABASE_URL = os.environ["DATABASE_URL"]

@pytest.fixture(scope="session")
def engine() -> Generator[Engine, None, None]:
    test_engine = create_engine(TEST_DATABASE_URL)
    Base.metadata.create_all(bind=test_engine)
    yield test_engine
    Base.metadata.drop_all(bind=test_engine)
    test_engine.dispose()

@pytest.fixture
def db_session(engine: Engine) -> Generator[Session, None, None]:
    connection = engine.connect()
    transaction = connection.begin()
    session = sessionmaker(bind=connection)()

    for factory_class in BaseFactory.__subclasses__():
        factory_class._meta.sqlalchemy_session = session  # wire factories to test session

    yield session

    session.close()
    transaction.rollback()   # discards everything created in the test
    connection.close()

@pytest.fixture
def client(db_session: Session) -> Generator[TestClient, None, None]:
    def _override_get_db() -> Generator[Session, None, None]:
        yield db_session

    app.dependency_overrides[get_db] = _override_get_db  # inject test session into routes
    with TestClient(app) as test_client:
        yield test_client
    app.dependency_overrides.clear()

Key points:

• engine is scope="session" — schema is created once per test run, not per test
• db_session is function-scoped — each test gets its own transaction, rolled back after
• Factories are wired to the same session so factory-created data is visible within the test
• client overrides the get_db dependency so integration tests hit the same rolled-back session

Additional Resources

• references/factory-conventions.md — factory_boy setup, fixed values, UUID patterns, factory defaults

• references/test-structure.md — Full test directory tree, how to add unit/integration tests, folder creation policy