Boltz-2 (open AlphaFold3-style co-folding)
Overview
Boltz-2 (Passaro, Wohlwend et al. 2025; jwohlwend/boltz) is an open, commercially usable
biomolecular structure model in the AlphaFold3 family: it co-folds proteins together with
small-molecule ligands, nucleic acids, and multiple chains in a single prediction, and can
predict binding affinity — capabilities AlphaFold2/ColabFold does not have. Use it when the
biology is a complex with a ligand or other molecule types, not a bare protein.
When to Use This Skill
Use this skill when the user wants to:
- Co-fold a protein with a small-molecule ligand (SMILES or CCD code) into a holo complex.
- Predict a binding affinity alongside a co-folded pose.
- Fold protein–nucleic-acid or multi-entity assemblies in one pass.
- Get an open AlphaFold3-style prediction without proprietary access.
Does NOT Trigger
| Scenario | Use instead |
|---|---|
| Protein-only or protein–protein folding, no ligand | alterlab-alphafold |
| Antibody–antigen / general one-FASTA multi-entity complex | alterlab-chai |
| Dock a ligand into an existing, fixed receptor structure | alterlab-diffdock |
| Retrieve an experimentally determined structure | alterlab-pdb |
| Design a binding-pocket sequence around a ligand | alterlab-ligandmpnn |
Core Capabilities
1. Protein + ligand co-folding
Describe the complex in a YAML spec (chains + ligand by SMILES or CCD), then predict:
# complex.yaml (schema — TODO(verify) against installed boltz)
version: 1
sequences:
- protein: { id: A, sequence: "MKT...GGG" }
- ligand: { id: L, smiles: "CC(=O)Oc1ccccc1C(=O)O" }
boltz predict complex.yaml --out_dir out/ --use_msa_server
Outputs the co-folded structure (protein + placed ligand) plus per-model confidence.
--use_msa_server fetches the protein MSA from the hosted service (disclose for sensitive
sequences); a local MSA can be supplied instead.
2. Binding-affinity prediction
Boltz-2 can predict a binding-affinity value for a protein–ligand pair alongside the pose —
useful for triage/ranking in virtual screening. Treat predicted affinities as a ranking
signal, not a measured constant; confirm hits experimentally or against measured data
(alterlab-bindingdb). TODO(verify) the exact affinity-output flag/field per version.
3. Confidence and validation
Read the per-model confidence (and, for the interface, the model's interface score) to decide
which pose to trust. For a ligand pose specifically, sanity-check that the ligand sits in a
plausible pocket and that protein confidence around the site is high. Cross-check a docked
alternative with alterlab-diffdock when the receptor structure is already known and fixed.
4. Running on a GPU
Boltz-2 needs a CUDA GPU and downloads weights once. Batch predictions (e.g. a ligand series
against one target) via alterlab-remote-compute: submit → poll → harvest out/.
Resources
references/boltz_usage.md— install/pinning, YAML/FASTA input schema, MSA options, affinity output, and multi-entity examples. Loaded on demand.
Part of the AlterLab Academic Skills suite.