an2n Polish
Rewrites text to move it toward the statistical and stylistic shape of human writing.
This is a rewrite-only skill - it never scores anything. See check for the audit
side; the two are companions but operate independently.
Six moves, apply all of them
Not a checklist to pick from - every move gets applied on every rewrite. Skipping one because "this draft doesn't need it" is usually wrong; the tells compound quietly.
Move 1: Word choice
Swap predictable vocabulary for what a person would actually reach for in context:
- Generic verb → specific one: "address" → "untangle", "utilize" → "lean on", "implement" → "wire up"
- Let the subject matter pick the words: a backend engineer says "flush the buffer," not "clear the temporary data storage"
- One or two genuinely surprising but accurate word choices per paragraph
- Cut on sight: delve, leverage (verb), robust, streamline, significant, comprehensive, notably, it is worth noting, in today's fast-paced world
Elegant variation. LLMs avoid repeating a noun by cycling synonyms for the same referent - a repetition-penalty sampling artifact. "The founder built the company. The entrepreneur later sold it. The visionary now advises startups." Same person, three labels. Fix: pick the canonical noun and reuse it, or use a pronoun for variation. Synonym-cycling is detectable; pronoun reference reads human.
Copula avoidance. "Serves as," "stands as," "marks," "represents," "boasts," "features," "offers" standing in for "is"/"are"/"has." "The bakery serves as a neighborhood fixture" → "The bakery is a neighborhood fixture." Use the plain verb.
Inflated significance. "Stands as a testament to," "marks a pivotal moment," "indelible mark," "evolving landscape," "deeply rooted in." Cut entirely or replace with the concrete claim: "The shop opened in 2003, marking a pivotal moment in the block's retail history" → "The shop opened in 2003."
Brochure language. "Nestled in the heart of," "vibrant," "breathtaking," "must-visit," "boasts a rich heritage," "renowned for." Cut it. "Nestled in the heart of the valley, Marrowbend stands as a vibrant town with a rich cultural heritage" → "Marrowbend is a town in the valley, population around 4,000."
Vague sourcing. "Industry observers have noted," "experts argue," "several sources indicate" without naming one. Name the actual source, or cut the claim: "Industry observers have noted adoption has accelerated" → "Adoption tripled between Q2 2024 and Q1 2025 per [named survey]." If you can't anchor it, don't make the claim.
Vague relation words. "In connection with," "associated with," "connected to" avoiding a direct relationship. Use "of," "for," "by," "caused by," or "working with," and state the actual connection.
Hyphenated-pair overuse. "Third-party," "cross-functional," "data-driven" hyphenated after the noun where grammar doesn't require it. "The report is data-driven" → "data driven."
Filler constructions. Run this substitution pass:
| Verbose | Direct |
|---|---|
| In order to achieve this goal | To achieve this |
| Due to the fact that | Because |
| At this point in time | Now |
| In the event that | If |
| Has the ability to | Can |
| It is important to note that the data shows | The data shows |
| Make a decision | Decide |
| In a manner that is | (drop entirely) |
| With regard to / With respect to | About / On |
| Despite the fact that | Although |
| Prior to / Subsequent to | Before / After |
| The fact that | (drop entirely, rephrase) |
Move 2: Sentence rhythm
Enforce real length variance. Target: standard deviation of sentence word count above 8.
- Every 3-4 sentences, drop in one sentence of 5 words or fewer. Just drop it. Like that.
- Every 3-4 sentences, let one sentence genuinely earn its length - a compound thought that would lose its relationship if split.
- Never more than 3 consecutive sentences within 5 words of each other.
- Uniform short runs are just as much a tell as uniform long ones - three choppy fragments in a row without a longer counterweight reads forced, not punchy.
- Watch the middle of a paragraph specifically: the opening and closing sentences often vary on their own, but the middle three or four collapse into the same band.
Move 3: Cut the padding
Audit every softening word and every imposed structure at once - both are the same underlying tell: content shaped by a template instead of by what actually needs saying.
Reflexive hedges. Delete "it is important to note that," "generally speaking," "in many cases," "often," "typically" unless genuine uncertainty is being expressed. Replace with direct assertion. If uncertainty is real, say it personally: "I'm not sure this holds for edge cases" beats "results may vary."
Announcing before showing. "The pattern is X" said before X is described. "The rule I use:", "The key insight:" - preamble before the actual content. State the thing directly.
Diplomatic non-answers. "While X has benefits, it also presents challenges" dodging an actual tradeoff. Name the specific tradeoff instead.
Bullet-list default. Convert intro-plus-three-bullets into a flowing paragraph where the items are joined by sense, not markers, unless the user specifically asked for a list.
Bloated sectioning. "There are three main factors: ..." - just discuss the factors and let the transitions carry the structure. Numbered sections only when order genuinely matters.
Restating what was just said. Topic sentence, evidence, then a restatement of the topic sentence. Cut the restatement - humans don't recap two sentences later.
Leading with the negative. "The case for X isn't Y, it's Z" / "It's not about X, it's about Y." Lead with Z (or Y) directly; address the alternative afterward if it's worth addressing at all.
Comparative framing. "More specific than vague," "faster than Y," or the reversed "X rather than Y." Describe the thing directly; drop the contrast.
Negating before asserting. "Not just X," "not X, it's Y." State what it is, skip the negation.
Clean binaries. "Either X or Y," "between X and Y" where the real situation is a spectrum or has a third option. Name the actual situation.
Symmetric trade-off pairs. "(X, but Y) or (A, but B)" - real trade-offs are asymmetric. Break the symmetry or drop one side.
Stock structural moves, one line each - fix means the same as the description implies unless noted:
| Pattern | Fix |
|---|---|
| Repeated sentence opener 2-3x in a row | Collapse or vary the opener |
| "Turns out X" as a reveal | State X directly |
| Thesis-first opener on a personal piece | Start in the middle of the experience |
| Formula essay opener ("The failure I think about most...") | Start with the incident itself |
| Three-item escalating list, no conjunctions | Break the third item into its own sentence, or join two with "and" |
| Amplifier/diminisher opposition ("X constantly, Y once") | Make the contrast asymmetric |
| Punchy paragraph-closer delivering a "lesson" | Delete it; let the evidence stand |
| Formulaic landing phrase ("is the actual work") | State the conclusion plainly |
| Mirrored-subject closing pair | Vary one subject; break the mirror |
| Every sentence connecting too perfectly (over-smooth) | Introduce one sentence per paragraph that shifts direction or misfires slightly |
| Participial reframe pivot ("Seen this way...") | Make the observation directly |
| Tricolon (three beats, identical grammar) | Break the symmetry, or cut to two |
| Perfect one-job-per-paragraph arc | Let one paragraph do two jobs, or leave something unresolved |
| Three-act Slack arc under the surface | Add a fourth element that doesn't fit, or loop back to something |
| Outline-formula "Challenges" section | Cut it, or replace with the specific challenge and what's being done |
| Unfilled placeholder ("[Company Name]") | Fill it with the real detail, or rewrite so it isn't needed |
Move 4: Anchor with specifics
Every abstract claim needs a real anchor:
- "Many companies have adopted this" → "Three teams I've seen do this - one at a 50-person startup, two at larger orgs - all landed on the same approach."
- "Performance improved significantly" → "Latency dropped from 340ms to 80ms under the same load."
- "This is a common problem" → "Every team I've talked to hits this around the 50-engineer mark."
If real specifics aren't available, use a plausible specificity frame instead of inventing a fact: "when you're running at X scale...", "in the cases I've seen...". Never fabricate a number, name, or date to sound more concrete - that's its own kind of tell, and it's dishonest regardless.
Move 5: Let a voice come through
Human writing carries the writer's actual perspective, not a polished, opinion-free narrator:
- First person where natural: "I find that...", "In my experience..."
- Occasional second person: "If you've ever debugged this..."
- A rhetorical question used as a real transition, not a tic
- Mid-thought self-correction: "actually, that's not quite right - more precisely..."
- Contractions in conversational registers
Strip the assistant voice. This is the single highest-value cleanup, because current detectors mostly key on instruction-tuning residue - the "helpful assistant" register - rather than "AI-ness" in the abstract.
| Tell | Fix |
|---|---|
| "Here's how I'd think about it...", "Let me walk you through..." | Cut the framing, just say the thing |
| "On one hand X, on the other Y, ultimately depends on..." | Pick a side and state it |
| Listing 5 unrequested considerations instead of answering | Answer, then add the constraint if needed |
| Defining terms the reader already knows | Cut it, trust the reader |
| A caveat appended to every claim | Make the claim; caveat only real edge cases |
| "That's a great question, and..." | Cut entirely |
| Closing summary recapping what was just said | Cut it |
| "I hope this helps", "let me know if..." | Cut, end on the last substantive sentence |
| "While I understand the appeal of X, I would suggest..." | Just disagree: "X doesn't work because Y" |
| Knowledge-cutoff disclaimer ("as of my training cutoff...") | Cut, state what you actually know |
| Chat scaffolding pasted into content ("Here is an overview of X", "Of course!") | Strip on sight |
| Prompt-refusal residue ("As an AI language model, I can't...") | Strip, state the content directly |
| Sycophantic opener ("Great question!", "You're absolutely right!") | Cut; if something's genuinely good, name what specifically |
Move 6: Reset the punctuation
Em dashes and their hyphen disguise. Max one per 300 words. Never the double-wrap ("X — like this — Y"), never as a list-joiner mid-sentence. If the register bans em dashes (a style guide, a voice profile), don't just swap the character for a plain hyphen - "X - like this - Y" is the exact same construction wearing different punctuation. Break the construction itself: cut the aside, split the sentence, or fold it into one clause. Satisfying "no em dash" by character-substitution alone leaves the tell fully intact.
Semicolons. Treat every one as a bug outside explicitly formal/academic register. Replace with a period, or "and"/"but"/"so" when the relationship matters. Exception: comma-containing lists ("Austin, TX; Denver, CO").
Mid-sentence colons. Colons go at the end of a complete clause, introducing what follows - not mid-thought. "The answer is: start earlier" → "Start earlier." One colon per paragraph max in non-list prose.
Curly quotes. Straight quotes and apostrophes are the human signal in technical and casual writing. Run a find-replace before shipping unless the register is genuinely typeset publishing (a magazine, a print book).
The chatbot-artifact check (run this on every output, no exceptions)
Search the draft for literal residue from a chatbot's raw output before calling anything done:
oaicite,turn0search/turn0image,grok_card,[cite:,[span_, lenticular brackets (【...†...】),utm_source=chatgpt.com/openai/copilot.com,referrer=grok.com- Raw Markdown (
**bold**,# heading,---) leaked into a format that isn't Markdown - Any bracketed placeholder left unfilled ("[Company Name]", "(insert testimonial here)")
Any hit gets deleted outright - this isn't a style judgment call, it's leftover garbage.
Rewrite protocol
Read the input first. Note the domain, audience, and register.
Check for a voice sample. If the user has supplied their own prior writing, extract 5-10 concrete style facts before touching anything else - real sentence-length variance, real vocabulary level, how paragraphs open, real punctuation habits, real recurring phrases. Apply the six moves in service of those facts, not the generic defaults below. If the sample runs short and fragmented, don't "improve" it toward longer sentences - that would be moving away from the actual voice, not toward it.
Check for factual anchors. Count the numbers, names, dates, and concrete examples in the input. If there are none and no voice sample was given, stop and say so instead of producing clean-but-empty output:
This input has no factual anchors - no numbers, names, dates, or examples. A cleaned version would look polished but still read as generic to a learned classifier, which scores specificity separately from surface style. Options: add real specifics, give me a writing sample to match, or confirm you want me to proceed anyway.
Rewrite in one pass, applying all six moves. Light editing won't move the statistical fingerprint - this needs real structural change.
Gate check before calling it done. Scan for each of these and fix any hit:
- Em dash count over the 1-per-300-words threshold, in either dash form
- Any semicolon
- Any word from the banned list below
- Comparative framing ("more X than Y", "X rather than Y")
- Negating-before-asserting ("not just X", "not X, it's Y")
- Chatbot markup/citation residue (see above)
- Unfilled placeholders
Self-check what the gate doesn't cover:
- No three consecutive sentences within 5 words of each other
- At least one sentence under 6 words per 150 words of output
- Every paragraph has at least one specific anchor
- No bullet list unless requested
- Consistent voice throughout - no drifting from third-person formal to first-person casual mid-piece
- Every colon follows a complete clause (informal fragments are fine in casual registers)
One audit loop. Ask directly: what in this still reads as AI? These residuals are almost always the Move 3/Move 5 patterns that survive because they feel like good writing - a mini-aphorism closer, a mirrored pair, a leftover assistant-voice tic. Fix them, then re-run steps 5-6 once. Don't loop past this - diminishing returns, and over-editing creates a different problem (choppy, voiceless prose). If a flagged sentence's removal leaves a paragraph too thin, the paragraph was too thin - collapse or merge it rather than keeping the pattern to preserve length.
Length sanity check. If the output is under half the input's length, the input likely had a lot of padding that got correctly cut. Don't pad it back - that reintroduces exactly what was removed. Instead, append one line after the rewrite (not before): "Input had a lot of filler; this is N% shorter. To make it longer honestly, give me real specifics to add."
Output the rewritten text only. No preamble, no "here's the humanized version." Just the text.
Writing new content from scratch
Same six moves apply from the first sentence, not just to a rewrite:
- Start mid-thought when the register allows: "The tricky part about X isn't what most people think."
- No "In this post, I will..." opener.
- No summary paragraph unless the piece is genuinely long enough to need a re-anchor.
- Calibrate to the domain - an engineer's Slack message and a founder's board memo don't sound alike.
Domain calibration
Technical: domain-native vocabulary ("the hot path," "this falls apart at scale"), short declarative sentences for definitive claims, direct tradeoffs ("the downside is real: you lose..."), real tool names and version numbers when available.
Narrative/essay: open with a scene, not a thesis. Let the argument emerge from evidence. Deliberate fragments for rhythm. One moment of genuine uncertainty per 500 words.
Professional/business: cut "I hope this message finds you well," state the ask in the first sentence or two, use real numbers and deadlines, keep paragraphs to 2-3 sentences.
Slack/async updates: abbreviations and approximations (~60%, <10min, fwiw,
lmk), fragments and incomplete clauses throughout, mid-message second thoughts ("oh
also -"), one thought bleeding into the next rather than topic-per-paragraph, numerals
with approximation markers rather than spelled-out numbers, lowercase default. The
accomplishment-caveat-next-steps arc has to actually break somewhere, not just get
fwiw sprinkled on top.
What this skill does not do
- Guarantee a 0% score on any commercial detector - no method does that reliably.
- Add invented facts to increase apparent specificity - use plausible framing instead, never fabrication.
- Change the factual content of the input, only its expression.
- Apply the identical transformation to every register - domain and audience matter.
Reference: banned words and phrases
Core vocabulary: delve, leverage (verb), utilize, robust, comprehensive, streamline, foster, facilitate, pivotal, nuanced, multifaceted, crucial (overused), enduring, garner, valuable, vibrant, tapestry (figurative), testament (figurative), interplay, intricate, intricacies, landscape (abstract noun), showcase (verb), highlight (standalone verb), underscore (standalone verb), align with, actually (as filler), additionally (as opener)
Hedge clusters: it is important to note, it is worth mentioning, notably, it's worth noting, in many cases, generally speaking, it can be argued
Formula openers/closers: in today's fast-paced world, in conclusion, in summary, to summarize, it goes without saying, needless to say, at the end of the day, at its core, under the hood, the standard fix, the common approach, simple enough on paper
Transition fingerprint: furthermore, moreover, it is clear that, this highlights, this underscores, as previously mentioned, turns out (as a pivot), it turns out that
Significance inflation: stands as a testament to, marks a pivotal moment in, indelible mark, evolving landscape, setting the stage for, deeply rooted in, plays a vital role, a key turning point, represents a shift in
Brochure register: nestled in the heart of, in the heart of, breathtaking, must-visit, stunning, boasts a rich heritage, renowned for, groundbreaking (figurative), vibrant (cultural copy)
Quantifier inflation: a myriad of, a plethora of, in the realm of, the landscape of (abstract)
False-depth tropes: the real question is, what really matters, fundamentally, the deeper issue, the heart of the matter, in reality
Tutorial scaffolding: let's dive in, let's explore, let's break this down, here's what you need to know, now let's look at, without further ado
Knowledge-cutoff disclaimers: as of my training cutoff, up to my last training update, while specific details are limited based on available information, based on what I know up to
Sycophantic prefixes: great question, you're absolutely right, that's an excellent point, of course!, certainly!
Templated closers: happy to jump on a call, let me know if you have any questions, feel free to reach out, i hope this helps, looking forward to connecting soon
Binary framing opener: whether X or Y