Centrifugal Compressor Stage (propulsion/turbomachinery/centrifugal-compressor)
Use when the task is centrifugal compressor stage design and
off-design assessment: impeller tip speed, slip factor, work input
coefficient, isentropic stage pressure ratio, and the impeller
diffusion check.
Domain quick reference
- Wiesner slip factor sigma = 1 - sqrt(cos(beta2b))/z**0.7, with z
the blade count and beta2b the back-sweep angle from the radial
direction in radians (0 for radial vanes). Back sweep slightly
raises sigma (sqrt(cos(beta2b)) < 1 shrinks the subtracted term)
while the tan(beta2b) term in the Euler work relation reduces the
work input and flattens the work curve.
- Stanitz slip factor sigma = 1 - 1.98/z for radial vanes
(beta2b = 0).
- Impeller tip speed U = pidn/60 in m/s from diameter d in m and
rotational speed n in rpm; U2 at the impeller exit, U1 at the
inducer tip.
- Specific rotor work w = u2*(sigmau2 - cm2tan(beta2b)) - u1*ctheta1
in J/kg; ctheta1 is the prewhirl tangential velocity at the inducer
inlet (0 for an axial inlet). w = u2**2 when sigma = 1 and
beta2b = ctheta1 = 0 (the slip-free Euler work relation).
- Work input coefficient psi = w/u2**2, dimensionless; psi = sigma
for a radial-vaned rotor with no prewhirl.
- Total temperature rise delta_t0 = w/cp in K.
- Isentropic stage pressure ratio
pi = (1 + etaw/(cpt01))**(gamma/(gamma-1)) from the stage
isentropic efficiency eta and the inlet total temperature t01 in K.
- Impeller diffusion: inducer relative velocity
w1 = sqrt(ca1**2 + (u1 - ctheta1)**2), impeller exit relative
velocity w2 = cm2/cos(beta2b), diffusion ratio dr = w1/w2, de
Haller number dh = w2/w1. Keep dr below about 1.6 (dh above about
0.6) to limit relative velocity decay losses.
- Air-standard defaults: eta = 0.85, cp = 1005 J/(kg K), gamma = 1.4.
Workflow
- Fix the geometry: rotational speed n, impeller diameter d2,
inducer tip diameter d1, blade count z, back-sweep angle beta2b.
- Compute the tip speeds with tip_speed.
- Compute the slip factor with wiesner_slip (or stanitz_slip for
radial vanes).
- Set the exit meridional velocity cm2 and the inducer axial
velocity ca1; compute the specific work with euler_work and the
loading with work_input_coefficient.
- Compute the total temperature rise with total_temperature_rise and
the isentropic stage pressure ratio with stage_pressure_ratio.
- Check the impeller diffusion with diffusion_ratio.
- Assemble the full assessment with design_point and gate the stage
design review on it.
Pitfalls
- Rotational speed in rad/s or Hz instead of rpm: U = pidn/60
assumes rpm; convert first.
- Degrees instead of radians for beta2b: cos and tan change
drastically; pass radians.
- Using the tip speed in place of the slip-affected tangential
velocity: the Euler work is u2*(sigmau2 - cm2tan(beta2b)), not
u2**2, unless sigma = 1 and the vanes are radial.
- Backward-swept blades reduce the work input and the pressure
ratio: psi falls below sigma; do not report the radial-vane value.
- Non-physical inputs: n <= 0, d <= 0, z <= 0, t01 <= 0, eta outside
(0, 1], or |beta2b| >= pi/2 raise ValueError; do not catch and
continue, the numbers are meaningless.
- Diffusion ratio above the limit: dr > 1.6 flags an over-loaded
inducer-to-exit diffusion; redesign before accepting the stage.
Behavior contract (gate 3)
The centrifugal compressor logic is exercised by the gate 3 contract
test: scripts/test_centrifugal_compressor.py against
scripts/centrifugal_compressor_logic.py (stdlib unittest, offline).
Run:
python3 scripts/test_centrifugal_compressor.py
Compliance
- Standards referenced, not reproduced: FAR-33 is US government work
(public domain) and covers engine type certification, not stage
analysis methods; the slip factor and Euler work relations are
common turbomachinery methodology, summary-only per
standards-map.yaml.
- compliance: STANDARDS-REF, gated: false.
1---2name: centrifugal-compressor3description: Use when you must design or assess a centrifugal compressor stage: compute the impeller tip speed from the rotational speed and the impeller diameter, the slip factor from the Wiesner correlation with the blade count and back-sweep angle, the work input coefficient from the Euler work relation, the total temperature rise, and the isentropic stage pressure ratio from the rotor work input, the isentropic efficiency, and the inlet total temperature. Also compute the impeller diffusion ratio and the de Haller number to check the inducer-to-exit relative velocity decay. Produces SI velocity triangle and stage performance parameters that gate the compressor stage design review in the FAR-33 engine certification context. Trigger: centrifugal compressor, impeller tip speed, slip factor, Wiesner correlation, work input coefficient, back-sweep angle, diffusion ratio, de Haller number.4license: Apache-2.05---67# Centrifugal Compressor Stage (propulsion/turbomachinery/centrifugal-compressor)89Use when the task is centrifugal compressor stage design and10off-design assessment: impeller tip speed, slip factor, work input11coefficient, isentropic stage pressure ratio, and the impeller12diffusion check.1314## Domain quick reference1516- Wiesner slip factor sigma = 1 - sqrt(cos(beta2b))/z**0.7, with z17 the blade count and beta2b the back-sweep angle from the radial18 direction in radians (0 for radial vanes). Back sweep slightly19 raises sigma (sqrt(cos(beta2b)) < 1 shrinks the subtracted term)20 while the tan(beta2b) term in the Euler work relation reduces the21 work input and flattens the work curve.22- Stanitz slip factor sigma = 1 - 1.98/z for radial vanes23 (beta2b = 0).24- Impeller tip speed U = pi*d*n/60 in m/s from diameter d in m and25 rotational speed n in rpm; U2 at the impeller exit, U1 at the26 inducer tip.27- Specific rotor work w = u2*(sigma*u2 - cm2*tan(beta2b)) - u1*ctheta128 in J/kg; ctheta1 is the prewhirl tangential velocity at the inducer29 inlet (0 for an axial inlet). w = u2**2 when sigma = 1 and30 beta2b = ctheta1 = 0 (the slip-free Euler work relation).31- Work input coefficient psi = w/u2**2, dimensionless; psi = sigma32 for a radial-vaned rotor with no prewhirl.33- Total temperature rise delta_t0 = w/cp in K.34- Isentropic stage pressure ratio35 pi = (1 + eta*w/(cp*t01))**(gamma/(gamma-1)) from the stage36 isentropic efficiency eta and the inlet total temperature t01 in K.37- Impeller diffusion: inducer relative velocity38 w1 = sqrt(ca1**2 + (u1 - ctheta1)**2), impeller exit relative39 velocity w2 = cm2/cos(beta2b), diffusion ratio dr = w1/w2, de40 Haller number dh = w2/w1. Keep dr below about 1.6 (dh above about41 0.6) to limit relative velocity decay losses.42- Air-standard defaults: eta = 0.85, cp = 1005 J/(kg K), gamma = 1.4.4344## Workflow45461. Fix the geometry: rotational speed n, impeller diameter d2,47 inducer tip diameter d1, blade count z, back-sweep angle beta2b.482. Compute the tip speeds with tip_speed.493. Compute the slip factor with wiesner_slip (or stanitz_slip for50 radial vanes).514. Set the exit meridional velocity cm2 and the inducer axial52 velocity ca1; compute the specific work with euler_work and the53 loading with work_input_coefficient.545. Compute the total temperature rise with total_temperature_rise and55 the isentropic stage pressure ratio with stage_pressure_ratio.566. Check the impeller diffusion with diffusion_ratio.577. Assemble the full assessment with design_point and gate the stage58 design review on it.5960## Pitfalls6162- Rotational speed in rad/s or Hz instead of rpm: U = pi*d*n/6063 assumes rpm; convert first.64- Degrees instead of radians for beta2b: cos and tan change65 drastically; pass radians.66- Using the tip speed in place of the slip-affected tangential67 velocity: the Euler work is u2*(sigma*u2 - cm2*tan(beta2b)), not68 u2**2, unless sigma = 1 and the vanes are radial.69- Backward-swept blades reduce the work input and the pressure70 ratio: psi falls below sigma; do not report the radial-vane value.71- Non-physical inputs: n <= 0, d <= 0, z <= 0, t01 <= 0, eta outside72 (0, 1], or |beta2b| >= pi/2 raise ValueError; do not catch and73 continue, the numbers are meaningless.74- Diffusion ratio above the limit: dr > 1.6 flags an over-loaded75 inducer-to-exit diffusion; redesign before accepting the stage.7677## Behavior contract (gate 3)7879The centrifugal compressor logic is exercised by the gate 3 contract80test: scripts/test_centrifugal_compressor.py against81scripts/centrifugal_compressor_logic.py (stdlib unittest, offline).82Run:83python3 scripts/test_centrifugal_compressor.py8485## Compliance8687- Standards referenced, not reproduced: FAR-33 is US government work88 (public domain) and covers engine type certification, not stage89 analysis methods; the slip factor and Euler work relations are90 common turbomachinery methodology, summary-only per91 standards-map.yaml.92- compliance: STANDARDS-REF, gated: false.