Payload-Range Diagram (vehicle-design/conceptual/payload-range-diagram)
Use when the task is the payload-range trade of a conceptual transport
aircraft: the corner points of the payload-range diagram, the payload
available at a design range, or the reserve fuel policy that shapes
the trade.
Domain quick reference
- The payload-range diagram plots payload against range and is the
standard picture of the payload-range trade. Three corner points
define it. Point A carries the maximum structural payload at the
range the fuel permits. Point B carries full fuel at the payload
the takeoff weight permits. Point C is the ferry range: full fuel,
zero payload.
- At point A the fuel is capped by the smaller of two limits: tank
capacity and the MTOW allowance, MTOW - OEW - max payload. When the
allowance binds, the aircraft cannot take off at max payload with
full tanks; the fuel is weight-limited.
- At point B the payload is capped by MTOW - OEW - full fuel. When
that allowance exceeds max payload, the aircraft carries max payload
with full tanks and points A and B coincide in payload.
- The Breguet range equation turns fuel into range: R = K * ln(w0/w1),
where the range factor K = (V / (TSFC * g0)) * L/D, w0 is the
takeoff weight (OEW + payload + fuel), and w1 the landing weight
(OEW + payload + reserve).
- A reserve fuel policy holds back a fraction of the loaded fuel that
is never burned; the burnable fuel is (1 - reserve_fraction) *
fuel. Landing weight therefore includes the reserve.
- The fuel fraction, fuel divided by takeoff weight, ties the diagram
to weight sizing: the diagram's fuel at each point is the fuel
fraction times the takeoff weight at that point.
Workflow
- Collect OEW, max payload, MTOW, fuel capacity, cruise speed, TSFC,
and L/D; set the reserve fraction policy.
- Compute the range factor K with range_factor.
- Get corner A with max_payload_point: fuel capped by the MTOW
allowance and tank capacity; check mtow_limited for which limit
binds.
- Get corner B with max_fuel_point: payload capped by MTOW at full
fuel.
- Get corner C with ferry_range: full fuel, zero payload.
- For a design range, get the payload with payload_at_design_range;
a range past the ferry range is infeasible.
Pitfalls
- Letting the MTOW allowance go negative: MTOW below OEW + max payload
cannot carry the payload, and full fuel above MTOW - OEW leaves no
ferry range; the logic raises.
- Forgetting the reserve: burning the reserve fuel in the range
calculation overstates every range on the diagram.
- Solving the design range on the wrong segment: inside the
max-payload segment the payload is max_payload; past the max-fuel
point the tanks are full, not the weight.
- Using TSFC in per-hour units with speed in m/s; the factor needs
TSFC per newton second so g0 converts the thrust terms.
- Reporting corner B above corner A in payload; the trade line only
descends once both limits bind.
Behavior contract (gate 3)
The corner-point and design-range logic is exercised by the gate 3
contract test: scripts/test_payload_range.py against
scripts/payload_range_logic.py (stdlib unittest, offline). Run:
python3 scripts/test_payload_range.py
Compliance
- Standards referenced, not reproduced: FAR-25 is US government work
(public domain) and CS-25 is a free EASA download; the payload-range
trade and the Breguet range equation are common conceptual design
methodology, summary-only per standards-map.yaml.
- compliance: STANDARDS-REF, gated: false.
1---2name: payload-range-diagram3description: Use when the task is the payload versus range trade-off, max payload, max fuel, design range, ferry range, or reserve fuel sizing in conceptual aircraft design. Build the payload-range diagram for a conceptual transport aircraft: compute the range at the maximum payload point, the range at the maximum fuel point, the ferry range, and the payload available at the design range from operating empty weight, maximum payload, maximum takeoff weight, and fuel capacity using the Breguet range equation with a reserve fuel policy and fuel fraction. Produces the diagram corner points that gate the payload-range trade assessment. Trigger: payload-range diagram, max payload, ferry range, design range, payload range trade, reserve fuel.4license: Apache-2.05---67# Payload-Range Diagram (vehicle-design/conceptual/payload-range-diagram)89Use when the task is the payload-range trade of a conceptual transport10aircraft: the corner points of the payload-range diagram, the payload11available at a design range, or the reserve fuel policy that shapes12the trade.1314## Domain quick reference1516- The payload-range diagram plots payload against range and is the17 standard picture of the payload-range trade. Three corner points18 define it. Point A carries the maximum structural payload at the19 range the fuel permits. Point B carries full fuel at the payload20 the takeoff weight permits. Point C is the ferry range: full fuel,21 zero payload.22- At point A the fuel is capped by the smaller of two limits: tank23 capacity and the MTOW allowance, MTOW - OEW - max payload. When the24 allowance binds, the aircraft cannot take off at max payload with25 full tanks; the fuel is weight-limited.26- At point B the payload is capped by MTOW - OEW - full fuel. When27 that allowance exceeds max payload, the aircraft carries max payload28 with full tanks and points A and B coincide in payload.29- The Breguet range equation turns fuel into range: R = K * ln(w0/w1),30 where the range factor K = (V / (TSFC * g0)) * L/D, w0 is the31 takeoff weight (OEW + payload + fuel), and w1 the landing weight32 (OEW + payload + reserve).33- A reserve fuel policy holds back a fraction of the loaded fuel that34 is never burned; the burnable fuel is (1 - reserve_fraction) *35 fuel. Landing weight therefore includes the reserve.36- The fuel fraction, fuel divided by takeoff weight, ties the diagram37 to weight sizing: the diagram's fuel at each point is the fuel38 fraction times the takeoff weight at that point.3940## Workflow41421. Collect OEW, max payload, MTOW, fuel capacity, cruise speed, TSFC,43 and L/D; set the reserve fraction policy.442. Compute the range factor K with range_factor.453. Get corner A with max_payload_point: fuel capped by the MTOW46 allowance and tank capacity; check mtow_limited for which limit47 binds.484. Get corner B with max_fuel_point: payload capped by MTOW at full49 fuel.505. Get corner C with ferry_range: full fuel, zero payload.516. For a design range, get the payload with payload_at_design_range;52 a range past the ferry range is infeasible.5354## Pitfalls5556- Letting the MTOW allowance go negative: MTOW below OEW + max payload57 cannot carry the payload, and full fuel above MTOW - OEW leaves no58 ferry range; the logic raises.59- Forgetting the reserve: burning the reserve fuel in the range60 calculation overstates every range on the diagram.61- Solving the design range on the wrong segment: inside the62 max-payload segment the payload is max_payload; past the max-fuel63 point the tanks are full, not the weight.64- Using TSFC in per-hour units with speed in m/s; the factor needs65 TSFC per newton second so g0 converts the thrust terms.66- Reporting corner B above corner A in payload; the trade line only67 descends once both limits bind.6869## Behavior contract (gate 3)7071The corner-point and design-range logic is exercised by the gate 372contract test: scripts/test_payload_range.py against73scripts/payload_range_logic.py (stdlib unittest, offline). Run:74python3 scripts/test_payload_range.py7576## Compliance7778- Standards referenced, not reproduced: FAR-25 is US government work79 (public domain) and CS-25 is a free EASA download; the payload-range80 trade and the Breguet range equation are common conceptual design81 methodology, summary-only per standards-map.yaml.82- compliance: STANDARDS-REF, gated: false.
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