Polytropic Efficiency

Polytropic Efficiency (propulsion/axial-compressor/polytropic-efficiency)

Use when you must convert between the isentropic and the polytropic efficiency of a compressor or a turbine for performance sizing. The polytropic (small-stage) efficiency eta_p is stage-count independent: the exponent form t02/t01 = pr**(KAPPA/eta_p) is the exact integral of the small-stage relation dT/T = (KAPPA/eta_p)*dp/p, so the same eta_p describes one stage and the whole machine, while the isentropic efficiency quoted at the overall pressure ratio depends on the ratio it is quoted at. This leaf implements the exact algebra between the two senses, the resolution of either from measured total states, and the log-sum stage consistency check, all in pure Python stdlib closed form. It pairs with the propulsion/axial-compressor pack leaves: the work split and stage arithmetic live in multi-stage-compressor, and the single-stage machine analysis lives in axial-compressor-stage, while this leaf owns only the efficiency sense conversion.

Domain quick reference

• Air-standard gamma = 1.4, KAPPA = (GAMMA - 1)/GAMMA = 2/7 (about 0.285714). Module constants GAMMA and KAPPA fix every relation.
• Compressor polytropic relation: t02/t01 = pr**(KAPPA/eta_p). The polytropic efficiency sits in the DENOMINATOR of the exponent because the actual temperature rise exceeds the isentropic rise at every small stage, so on the log scale ln(t02/t01) = (KAPPA/eta_p)*ln(pr).
• Turbine polytropic relation (mirror, temperature ratio inverted): t04/t03 = pr**(-KAPPAeta_p), so ln(t03/t04) = eta_pKAPPA*ln(pr). The efficiency MULTIPLIES the exponent on the turbine side because the actual temperature drop falls short of the isentropic drop.
• Isentropic whole-drop parametrization of the same exit states: compressor t02/t01 = 1 + (prKAPPA - 1)/eta_s; turbine t04/t03 = 1 - eta_s(1 - pr*(-KAPPA)). The two parametrizations describe the SAME actual exit temperature, and the conversions below are the exact algebra between them.
• Conversion compressor (pr > 1): eta_p = KAPPAln(pr)/ln(1 + (prKAPPA - 1)/eta_s) and its inverse eta_s = (prKAPPA - 1)/( pr*(KAPPA/eta_p) - 1). eta_s falls as the overall pressure ratio grows at fixed eta_p, toward 0.
• Conversion turbine (expansion ratio pr > 1): eta_p = ln(1 - eta_s*(1 - pr**(-KAPPA)))/(-KAPPAln(pr)) and its inverse eta_s = (1 - pr(-KAPPAeta_p))/(1 - pr**(-KAPPA)). eta_s rises toward 1 as the expansion ratio grows at fixed eta_p.
• From states: compressor eta_p = KAPPAln(pr)/ln(t02/t01) requires t02 > t01; turbine eta_p = ln(t03/t04)/(KAPPAln(pr)) requires t04 < t03; pr is p02/p01 or p03/p04 and must exceed 1.
• Reheat-factor log-sum check: R = sum(ln(pr_i) for stage ratios pr_i)/ln(pr_overall). R = 1 exactly when the stage product matches the overall ratio (equal-stage identity); R below or above 1 flags stage data inconsistent with the quoted overall ratio. This R is a pressure-ratio-side consistency ratio, not the work-based reheat factor of the multi-stage-compressor leaf.
• FAR-33 frames the propulsion systems context; the relations above are standard engineering methodology, summary-only.

Workflow

1. Fix the operating point: choose the machine (compressor or turbine), the overall pressure ratio pr (above 1) and the efficiency you hold: the isentropic efficiency quoted at the overall ratio, or the polytropic efficiency.
2. Convert a quoted isentropic efficiency to the stage-count-independent polytropic efficiency at the overall ratio with compressor_polytropic_from_isentropic (compressor) or turbine_polytropic_from_isentropic (turbine).
3. Restate the polytropic efficiency at the per-stage pressure ratio: compressor_isentropic_from_polytropic or turbine_isentropic_from_polytropic at the stage ratio gives the per-stage isentropic efficiency, which differs from the overall-ratio value while eta_p itself is unchanged. This contrast is the stage-count independence statement.
4. Resolve the polytropic efficiency from the inlet and exit total states with compressor_polytropic_from_states (t01, t02, pr) or turbine_polytropic_from_states (t03, t04, pr), and compare with the step 2 conversion value at the same ratio; they must agree.
5. Sweep the isentropic efficiency over the pressure-ratio ladder at fixed eta_p (1.2, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40) with compressor_isentropic_from_polytropic or turbine_isentropic_from_polytropic to confirm the headline sizing behavior: eta_s falls as the overall ratio grows for the compressor, rises toward 1 for the turbine.
6. Cross-check the per-stage pressure ratio list against the overall pressure ratio with reheat_factor_check, the log-sum identity R = sum(ln pr_i)/ln(pr_overall): 1 for consistent equal-stage data, off 1 otherwise.
7. Confirm the deterministic checks with the contract test scripts/test_polytropic_efficiency.py.

Worked example

Multistage compressor: overall pressure ratio 20, design stage pressure ratio 1.2, isentropic efficiency 0.85 quoted at the overall ratio. Real module outputs from a local run of polytropic_efficiency_logic.py:

• compressor_polytropic_from_isentropic(0.85, 20) = 0.898525, the stage-count-independent polytropic efficiency behind the isentropic 0.85 at overall PR 20; the ratio ln(20)/ln(1.2) = 16.431 places the machine between 16 and 17 equal stages.
• compressor_isentropic_from_polytropic(0.898525, 1.2) = 0.895862, the per-stage isentropic efficiency, ABOVE the overall 0.85 because the overall machine re-compresses every stage's reheat loss.
• Round trip at the overall ratio: compressor_isentropic_from_polytropic(0.898525, 20) = 0.850000.
• From states with t01 = 288.15 K: the whole-drop ratio t02/t01 = 1 + (20**KAPPA - 1)/0.85 = 2.592408 gives t02 = 747.002 K, and compressor_polytropic_from_states(288.15, 747.002, 20) = 0.898525, identical to the from-isentropic result.
• Per stage the ratio is 1.2**(KAPPA/0.898525) = 1.059688, and compressor_polytropic_from_states(288.15, 288.15*1.059688, 1.2) = 0.898525: the SAME eta_p at the stage level and the overall level, the two from-states values agreeing to 1e-12 (stage-count independence).
• Fixed eta_p = 0.898525, isentropic efficiency versus pressure ratio: PR 2 -> 0.888187, PR 5 -> 0.873663, PR 10 -> 0.862070, PR 20 -> 0.850000, PR 40 -> 0.837497. eta_s falls as PR grows.
• reheat_factor_check: 16 stages at 1.2 against their own product 1.2**16 = 18.49 gives R = 0.9999999999999999 (the equal-stage identity); the same 16 stages claimed against overall 20 give R = 0.973767 and 17 stages claimed against overall 20 give R = 1.034627, both flagging inconsistent stage data.
• Turbine mirror (expansion ratio 3, TIT 1500 K): turbine_polytropic_from_isentropic(0.88, 3) = 0.862061, BELOW the isentropic 0.88 (the reverse of the compressor ordering); round trip turbine_isentropic_from_polytropic(0.862061, 3) = 0.880000; with t04 = 1500*(1 - 0.88*(1 - 3**(-KAPPA))) = 1144.392 K, turbine_polytropic_from_states(1500, 1144.392, 3) = 0.862061; the exponent form 3**(-KAPPA*0.862061) = 0.762928 agrees with the whole-drop form. At the same eta_p the turbine isentropic efficiency rises with the expansion ratio: eta_s = 0.88 at ratio 3 becomes 0.897934 at ratio 10.

Verification

• compressor_polytropic_from_isentropic(0.85, 20) returns 0.898525 (within 1e-6 of the spec anchor) and the round trip at PR 20 recovers 0.85 within 1e-12.
• compressor_polytropic_from_states(288.15, 747.002, 20) returns 0.898525, and the per-stage call at ratio 1.2 returns the same eta_p to 1e-12 (stage-count independence).
• The fixed-eta_p ladder is strictly decreasing for the compressor (0.862070 at PR 10, 0.837497 at PR 40) and strictly increasing for the turbine; every swept eta_s stays in (0, 1).
• reheat_factor_check returns 1 within 1e-12 for any stage list whose product equals the overall ratio and deviates from 1 otherwise.
• Every non-physical input raises ValueError: pr <= 1 for all pr arguments, eta at 0 or above 1 for all eta arguments, t02 <= t01, t04 >= t03, non-positive temperatures, an empty stage list, and a stage ratio at or below 1.
• Run the contract test offline: python3 scripts/test_polytropic_efficiency.py (35 tests, deterministic, no imports beyond math).

Related leaves

• propulsion/axial-compressor/multi-stage-compressor: the overall pressure ratio as the product of the stage ratios and the stage arithmetic that the effective-stage number ln(20)/ln(1.2) references.
• propulsion/axial-compressor/axial-compressor-stage: the single-stage machine view with one efficiency applied to the stage work.
• propulsion/axial-compressor/compressor-map: the map context in which the converted efficiency values are quoted for the machine.
• propulsion/gas-turbine-cycle/real-cycle-effects: consumes isentropic whole-drop efficiencies over the full machine ratio in the cycle temperature computation.
• propulsion/turboprop/free-turbine: consumes a polytropic efficiency as a given input for the power-section matching.
• propulsion/axial-compressor/turbine-stage: the turbine-side blade-row context that pairs with the turbine efficiency conversions here.

Contract test

The deterministic contract test lives at scripts/test_polytropic_efficiency.py and runs offline with:

python3 scripts/test_polytropic_efficiency.py

It asserts the real module outputs of the worked example within the spec tolerances (conversion anchors, round trips, from-states resolution, stage-count independence), the closed-form identities (stage product versus log-sum, exponent form versus whole-drop form), the monotone efficiency behavior on both machine sides, the reheat-factor log-sum cross-check values, and the ValueError rejection list of the spec. It names the numbered SKILL.md Workflow steps each method exercises.

Compliance

• Standards referenced, not reproduced: FAR-33 is named for the propulsion systems context only; the polytropic relations above are standard engineering methodology, summary-only per standards-map.yaml.
• compliance: STANDARDS-REF, gated: false.

Pitfalls

• Quoting the isentropic efficiency at one pressure ratio and reusing it at another: eta_s is ratio-dependent (0.895862 per stage against 0.85 at overall PR 20 for the same eta_p 0.898525), so always state the ratio an isentropic efficiency is quoted at. eta_p is the stage-count-independent quantity.
• Carrying the compressor ordering onto the turbine: at pr > 1 the compressor eta_s sits BELOW eta_p while the turbine eta_s sits ABOVE eta_p, because the polytropic efficiency sits in the denominator of the compressor exponent but multiplies the turbine exponent. Applying the wrong sign convention moves both conversions in the wrong direction.
• Confusing the reheat-factor log-sum check with the work-based reheat factor of the multi-stage-compressor leaf: R here equals 1 for consistent equal-stage data and is a pressure-ratio-side consistency ratio, while the work-based quantity is at or above 1 and grows with the stage count. The two share the reheat discussion, not the formula.
• Feeding the compressor pr sense to the turbine functions: the turbine relations take the expansion ratio p03/p04 > 1, so an inverted ratio below 1 raises ValueError rather than silently returning a wrong efficiency.
• Reading a single efficiency number without its states or ratio: the from-states resolution requires both total temperatures and the ratio, and a t02 at or below t01 (or t04 at or above t03) is a data error, not a low-efficiency machine.

Behavior contract (gate 3)

Run the deterministic contract test (stdlib unittest, offline):

python3 scripts/test_polytropic_efficiency.py

The test covers the conversion contract (isentropic to polytropic and the reverse on both machine sides at overall and per-stage pressure ratios, resolved against real module outputs), the from-states resolution of eta_p and its agreement with the conversion value, the stage-count independence of eta_p on the log scale, the fixed-eta_p sweep behavior with eta_s confined to (0, 1), the reheat-factor log-sum cross-check identities and their inconsistent-data flags, and ValueError rejection of every non-physical input class in the spec. All 35 methods pass offline.