Effect Best Practices

Effect-TS Best Practices

This skill enforces opinionated, consistent patterns for Effect-TS codebases. These patterns optimize for type safety, testability, observability, and maintainability.

Core Principles

Effect Type Signature

Effect<Success, Error, Requirements>
//      ↑        ↑       ↑
//      |        |       └── Dependencies (provided via Layers)
//      |        └── Expected errors (typed, must be handled)
//      └── Success value

Data-First Piped Style

ALWAYS prefer data-first pipe style for composition:

// ✅ GOOD: Data-first with pipe
const result = value.pipe(
  Effect.map((n) => n * 2),
  Effect.flatMap((n) => processValue(n)),
  Effect.catchTag("NetworkError", () => Effect.succeed(fallback)),
);

// ❌ BAD: Function-first style
const result = Effect.catchTag(
  Effect.flatMap(
    Effect.map(value, (n) => n * 2),
    (n) => processValue(n),
  ),
  "NetworkError",
  () => Effect.succeed(fallback),
);

"@effect/schema" is deprecated

Don't try to install nor import from "@effect/schema", it is deprecated. Instead just import from "effect" package.

// ✅ GOOD
import { Schema } from "effect";

// ❌ BAD
import { Schema } from "@effect/schema";

Quick Reference: Critical Rules

Service Definition Pattern

Always use Effect.Service for business logic services. This provides built-in Default layer and proper dependency declaration.

import { Effect } from "effect";

export class UserService extends Effect.Service<UserService>()("UserService", {
  dependencies: [UserRepo.Default, CacheService.Default],
  effect: Effect.gen(function* () {
    const repo = yield* UserRepo;
    const cache = yield* CacheService;

    const findById = Effect.fn("UserService.findById")(function* (id: UserId) {
      const cached = yield* cache.get(id);
      if (Option.isSome(cached)) return cached.value;

      const user = yield* repo.findById(id);
      yield* cache.set(id, user);
      return user;
    });

    const create = Effect.fn("UserService.create")(function* (
      data: CreateUserInput,
    ) {
      const user = yield* repo.create(data);
      yield* Effect.log("User created", { userId: user.id });
      return user;
    });

    return { findById, create };
  }),
}) {}

// Usage - dependencies are already wired
const program = Effect.gen(function* () {
  const userService = yield* UserService;
  const user = yield* userService.findById(userId);
  return user;
});

// At app root
const MainLive = Layer.mergeAll(UserService.Default, OtherService.Default);

When Context.Tag is acceptable:

• Infrastructure with runtime injection (Cloudflare KV, worker bindings)
• Factory patterns where resources are provided externally

See references/service-patterns.md for detailed patterns.

Error Definition Pattern

Always use Schema.TaggedError for errors. This makes them serializable (required for RPC), provides consistent structure, and makes them yieldable — no Effect.fail() wrapper needed since TaggedError instances implement the Effect interface directly.

import { Schema } from "effect";
import { HttpApiSchema } from "@effect/platform";

export class UserNotFoundError extends Schema.TaggedError<UserNotFoundError>()(
  "UserNotFoundError",
  {
    userId: UserId,
    message: Schema.String,
  },
  HttpApiSchema.annotations({ status: 404 }),
) {}

export class UserCreateError extends Schema.TaggedError<UserCreateError>()(
  "UserCreateError",
  {
    message: Schema.String,
    cause: Schema.optional(Schema.String),
  },
  HttpApiSchema.annotations({ status: 400 }),
) {}

Error handling - use catchTag/catchTags:

// ✅ CORRECT - single tag
yield* repo.findById(id).pipe(
    Effect.catchTag("DatabaseError", (err) =>
      new UserNotFoundError({ userId: id, message: "Lookup failed" }),
    ),
  );

// ✅ CORRECT - multiple tags, same handler (catchTag accepts variadic tags)
yield* effect.pipe(
    Effect.catchTag(
      "TokenExpiredError",
      "TokenInvalidError",
      "MissingTokenError",
      () => new AuthError({ message: "Authentication failed" }),
    ),
  );

// ✅ CORRECT - multiple tags, different handlers (use catchTags)
yield* effect.pipe(
    Effect.catchTags({
      DatabaseError: (err) =>
        new UserNotFoundError({ userId: id, message: err.message }),
      ValidationError: (err) =>
        new InvalidEmailError({ email: input.email, message: err.message }),
    }),
  );

Prefer Explicit Over Generic Errors

Every distinct failure reason deserves its own error type. Don't collapse multiple failure modes into generic HTTP errors like NotFoundError or BadRequestError.

• UserNotFoundError with userId → Frontend shows "User doesn't exist"
• ChannelNotFoundError with channelId → Frontend shows "Channel was deleted"
• SessionExpiredError with expiredAt → Frontend shows "Session expired, please log in"

Generic errors lose context and prevent targeted recovery. See references/error-patterns.md for complete patterns including error remapping and retry strategies.

Schema & Branded Types Pattern

Brand all entity IDs for type safety across service boundaries:

import { Schema } from "effect";

// Entity IDs - always branded
export const UserId = Schema.UUID.pipe(Schema.brand("@App/UserId"));
export type UserId = typeof UserId.Type;

export const OrganizationId = Schema.UUID.pipe(
  Schema.brand("@App/OrganizationId"),
);
export type OrganizationId = typeof OrganizationId.Type;

// Domain types - use Schema.Struct
export const User = Schema.Struct({
  id: UserId,
  email: Schema.String,
  name: Schema.String,
  organizationId: OrganizationId,
  createdAt: Schema.DateTimeUtc,
});
export type User = typeof User.Type;

// Input types for mutations
export const CreateUserInput = Schema.Struct({
  email: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.pattern(/^[^\s@]+@[^\s@]+\.[^\s@]+$/)),
  name: Schema.String.pipe(Schema.minLength(1)),
  organizationId: OrganizationId,
});
export type CreateUserInput = typeof CreateUserInput.Type;

When NOT to brand:

• Simple strings that don't cross service boundaries (URLs, file paths)
• Primitive config values

See references/schema-patterns.md for transforms and advanced patterns.

Function Pattern with Effect.fn

Always use Effect.fn for service methods. This provides automatic tracing with proper span names:

// ❌ BAD - arrow function returning a generic effect
const findById = (id: UserId) =>
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    // ...
  });

// ✅ CORRECT - Effect.fn with descriptive name
const findById = Effect.fn("UserService.findById")(function* (id: UserId) {
  yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("userId", id);
  const user = yield* repo.findById(id);
  return user;
});

// ✅ CORRECT - Effect.fn with multiple parameters
const transfer = Effect.fn("AccountService.transfer")(function* (
  fromId: AccountId,
  toId: AccountId,
  amount: number,
) {
  yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("fromId", fromId);
  yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("toId", toId);
  yield* Effect.annotateCurrentSpan("amount", amount);
  // ...
});

Layer Composition

Declare dependencies in the service, not at usage sites:

// ✅ CORRECT - dependencies in service definition
export class OrderService extends Effect.Service<OrderService>()(
  "OrderService",
  {
    dependencies: [
      UserService.Default,
      ProductService.Default,
      PaymentService.Default,
    ],
    effect: Effect.gen(function* () {
      const users = yield* UserService;
      const products = yield* ProductService;
      const payments = yield* PaymentService;
      // ...
    }),
  },
) {}

// At app root - simple merge
const AppLive = Layer.mergeAll(
  OrderService.Default,
  // Infrastructure layers (intentionally not in dependencies)
  DatabaseLive,
  RedisLive,
);

See references/layer-patterns.md for testing layers and config-dependent layers.

Option Handling

Never use Option.getOrThrow. Always handle both cases explicitly:

// ✅ CORRECT - explicit handling
yield* Option.match(maybeUser, {
    onNone: () => new UserNotFoundError({ userId, message: "Not found" }),
    onSome: (user) => Effect.succeed(user),
  });

// ✅ CORRECT - with getOrElse for defaults
const name = Option.getOrElse(maybeName, () => "Anonymous");

// ✅ CORRECT - Option.map for transformations
const upperName = Option.map(maybeName, (n) => n.toUpperCase());

Effect Atom (Frontend State)

Effect Atom provides reactive state management for React with Effect integration.

Basic Atoms

import { Atom } from "@effect-atom/atom-react";

// Define atoms OUTSIDE components
const countAtom = Atom.make(0);

// Use keepAlive for global state that should persist
const userPrefsAtom = Atom.make({ theme: "dark" }).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);

// Atom families for per-entity state
const modalAtomFamily = Atom.family((type: string) =>
  Atom.make({ isOpen: false }).pipe(Atom.keepAlive),
);

React Integration

import { useAtomValue, useAtomSet, useAtom, useAtomMount } from "@effect-atom/atom-react"

function Counter() {
    const count = useAtomValue(countAtom)           // Read only
    const setCount = useAtomSet(countAtom)          // Write only
    const [value, setValue] = useAtom(countAtom)    // Read + write

    return <button => setCount((c) => c + 1)}>{count}</button>
}

// Mount side-effect atoms without reading value
function App() {
    useAtomMount(keyboardShortcutsAtom)
    return <>{children}</>
}

Handling Results with Result.builder

Use Result.builder for rendering effectful atom results. It provides chainable error handling with onErrorTag:

import { Result } from "@effect-atom/atom-react"

function UserProfile() {
    const userResult = useAtomValue(userAtom) // Result<User, Error>

    return Result.builder(userResult)
        .onInitial(() => <div>Loading...</div>)
        .onErrorTag("NotFoundError", () => <div>User not found</div>)
        .onError((error) => <div>Error: {error.message}</div>)
        .onSuccess((user) => <div>Hello, {user.name}</div>)
        .render()
}

Atoms with Side Effects

const scrollYAtom = Atom.make((get) => {
  const => get.setSelf(window.scrollY);

  window.addEventListener("scroll", onScroll);
  get.addFinalizer(() => window.removeEventListener("scroll", onScroll)); // REQUIRED

  return window.scrollY;
}).pipe(Atom.keepAlive);

See references/effect-atom-patterns.md for complete patterns including families, localStorage, and anti-patterns.

RPC & Cluster Patterns

For RPC contracts and cluster workflows, see:

• references/rpc-cluster-patterns.md - RpcGroup, Workflow.make, Activity patterns

Vercel AI SDK Integration

Use Schema.standardSchemaV1 to bridge Effect schemas to the Vercel AI SDK's inputSchema. For tools with no arguments, use Schema.Record({ key: Schema.String, value: Schema.Never }) — many providers reject empty schemas. When tool execute functions need Effect services, capture the runtime via Effect.runtime<Deps>() in a factory function and use Runtime.runPromise — do not use bare Effect.runPromise with unsatisfied dependencies.

See references/vercel-ai-sdk-patterns.md for complete patterns.

Anti-Patterns (Forbidden)

These patterns are never acceptable:

// FORBIDDEN - runSync/runPromise inside services
const result = Effect.runSync(someEffect); // Never do this

// FORBIDDEN - throw inside Effect.gen
yield *
  Effect.gen(function* () {
    if (bad) throw new Error("No!"); // Use Effect.fail instead
  });

// FORBIDDEN - catchAll losing type info
yield * effect.pipe(Effect.catchAll(() => Effect.fail(new GenericError())));

// FORBIDDEN - console.log
console.log("debug"); // Use Effect.log

// FORBIDDEN - process.env directly
const key = process.env.API_KEY; // Use Config.string("API_KEY")

// FORBIDDEN - null/undefined in domain types
type User = { name: string | null }; // Use Option<string>

// FORBIDDEN - accessors: true in Effect.Service
export class MyService extends Effect.Service<MyService>()("MyService", {
  accessors: true, // Never use accessors
})

See references/anti-patterns.md for the complete list with rationale.

Observability

// Structured logging
yield * Effect.log("Processing order", { orderId, userId, amount });

// Metrics
const orderCounter = Metric.counter("orders_processed");
yield * Metric.increment(orderCounter);

// Config with validation
const config = Config.all({
  port: Config.integer("PORT").pipe(Config.withDefault(3000)),
  apiKey: Config.redacted("API_KEY"),
  maxRetries: Config.integer("MAX_RETRIES").pipe(
    Config.validate({ message: "Must be positive", validation: (n) => n > 0 }),
  ),
});

See references/observability-patterns.md for metrics and tracing patterns.

Reference Files

For detailed patterns, consult these reference files in the references/ directory:

• service-patterns.md - Service definition, Effect.fn, Context.Tag exceptions, capability-based services
• error-patterns.md - Schema.TaggedError, error remapping, retry patterns
• schema-patterns.md - Branded types, transforms, Schema.Class
• layer-patterns.md - Dependency composition, testing layers, merge vs provide
• domain-predicates.md - Equivalence, Order, typeclass-derived predicates
• rpc-cluster-patterns.md - RpcGroup, Workflow, Activity patterns
• effect-atom-patterns.md - Atom, families, React hooks, Result handling
• vercel-ai-sdk-patterns.md - Vercel AI SDK tool definitions with Effect Schema
• anti-patterns.md - Complete list of forbidden patterns
• observability-patterns.md - Logging, metrics, config patterns
• effect-test-patterns.md - Testing patterns for effect based applications