Mudata

MuData

Workflows

Standard Workflow

Save MultiAssayExperiments to h5mu files supported by muon and mudata. Muon is a Python framework for multimodal omics data analysis. It uses an HDF5-based format for data storage.

library(MuData)
library(MultiAssayExperiment)

# Write a MultiAssayExperiment object to an H5MU file
writeH5MU(mae, "citefuse_example.h5mu")

# Read an H5MU file back into a MultiAssayExperiment object (backed on disk)
mae_backed <- readH5MU("citefuse_example.h5mu", backed = TRUE)

Input: A MultiAssayExperiment object containing multimodal single-cell data. Output: An HDF5-based .h5mu file written to disk, or a MultiAssayExperiment object read from disk.

When to Use

• To save multimodal datasets represented as MultiAssayExperiment objects into .h5mu files using writeH5MU for cross-platform sharing with Python frameworks like muon or mudata.
• To read .h5mu files into R as MultiAssayExperiment objects using readH5MU.
• To load large-scale multimodal datasets on-disk without loading them fully into memory by setting backed = TRUE in readH5MU to return a DelayedMatrix.

When NOT to Use

• For storing unimodal datasets, use standard AnnData formats or writeH5AD because MuData is specifically designed for multimodal data.
• For saving complex R-specific objects that have no HDF5/Python equivalent, use saveRDS because writeH5MU only exports standard modalities and metadata.
• For performing downstream single-cell analysis (like clustering or differential expression) directly on the .h5mu file, use packages like scran or Seurat because MuData is strictly an I/O interface.

Data Requirements

• Input format: MultiAssayExperiment containing experiments of class SingleCellExperiment, SummarizedExperiment, or matrix.
• Structure: Multiple modalities (e.g., RNA, ADT, HTO) stored as distinct experiments within the MultiAssayExperiment.
• Normalization state: Can store both raw counts (e.g., in counts assay) and normalized counts (e.g., in logcounts or clr assays).

Key Parameters

• backed (FALSE): If set to TRUE in readH5MU, keeps matrices on disk and loads them as DelayedMatrix objects to save memory.

Best Practices

• Ensure all modalities are properly aligned and harmonized within a MultiAssayExperiment before writing.
• Store normalized assays (e.g., logcounts or clr) in the corresponding experiment layers alongside raw counts.
• Use backed = TRUE when reading very large .h5mu files to prevent out-of-memory errors.

Common Pitfalls

• Attempting to read unsupported Python-specific structures (like pairwise graphs or multimodal embeddings) into R: readH5MU will skip these because MultiAssayExperiment does not natively support them.
• Writing mixed data types or unharmonized sample maps: Ensure the MultiAssayExperiment is harmonized using standard constructor checks before calling writeH5MU.

Alternatives

• SingleCellMultiModal for downloading pre-packaged multimodal datasets.
• rhdf5 for low-level HDF5 file manipulation in R.
• Seurat for an alternative single-cell multimodal object representation and I/O.

Citations

• Ramos M, Schiffer L, Re A, Azhar R, Basunia A, Cabrera CR, Chan T, Chapman P, Davis S, Gomez-Cabrero D, Culhane AC, Haibe-Kains B, Hansen K, Kodali H, Louis MS, Mer AS, Reister M, Morgan M, Carey V, Waldron L (2017). "Software For The Integration Of Multi-Omics Experiments In Bioconductor." Cancer Research, 77(21); e39-42.

References

• Homepage: bioconductor.org/packages/mudata
• Vignette: bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/mudata/inst/doc/mudata.html