Supersigs

supersigs

Workflows

Standard Workflow

Preprocess mutation data, build a trinucleotide feature matrix, and train a supervised mutational signature (SuperSig).

library(supersigs)
library(VariantAnnotation)
library(BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19)
library(dplyr)

# 1. Read VCF and add patient age to colData
fl <- system.file("extdata", "chr22.vcf.gz", package="VariantAnnotation")
vcf <- VariantAnnotation::readVcf(fl, "hg19")
vcf <- vcf[, 1]
positions <- geno(vcf)$GT != "0|0"
vcf <- vcf[positions[, 1],]
colData(vcf)$age <- 50

# 2. Process VCF to a simplified data frame
dt <- process_vcf(vcf)

# 3. Transform mutations into a trinucleotide matrix
input_dt <- make_matrix(dt)

# 4. Add the indicator variable (IndVar)
input_dt <- input_dt %>%
  mutate(IndVar = c(1, 1, 1, 0, 0)) %>%
  relocate(IndVar)

# 5. Train the supervised signature
set.seed(1)
supersig <- get_signature(data = input_dt, factor = "Smoking")

# 6. Simplify the signature for visualization
features <- simplify_signature(object = supersig, iupac = FALSE)

Note: Input is a VCF object or a data frame of mutations with sample IDs, ages, and genomic coordinates; output is a trained SuperSig S4 object and simplified signature features.

Partial Signature Adjustment

Remove the contribution of a supervised signature from a mutation data frame to adjust for a confounding factor.

library(supersigs)
# Adjust the mutation matrix by removing the signature's contribution
adjusted_dt <- partial_signature(data = input_dt, object = supersig)

Note: Input is a feature count data frame and a trained SuperSig object; output is an adjusted mutation feature data frame.

Predict Supersig

Apply a trained or pre-trained SuperSig to a new dataset to predict classification scores.

library(supersigs)
library(dplyr)
# Apply a trained SuperSig to a new dataset
newdata <- predict_signature(supersig, newdata = input_dt, factor = "Smoking")
# Or use a pre-trained signature from supersig_ls
newdata_pretrained <- predict_signature(supersig_ls[["SMOKING (LUAD)"]], newdata = input_dt, factor = "Smoking")

Note: Input is a trained SuperSig object (or pre-trained from supersig_ls) and a new feature count data frame; output is a data frame containing predicted classification scores and feature counts.

When to Use

• Supervised Signature Generation: Generating supervised mutational signatures ("SuperSigs") from single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in cancer genomes (get_signature).
• Exposure Classification: Predicting exposure classification scores on new datasets using custom or pre-trained TCGA signatures (predict_signature, supersig_ls).
• Confounder Adjustment: Adjusting mutation datasets to remove confounding factors (e.g., aging) before downstream signature analysis (partial_signature).

When NOT to Use

• Unsupervised Deconvolution: For unsupervised mutational signature deconvolution (e.g., standard NMF-based signature extraction).
• Missing Clinical Metadata: When patient age or clinical exposure indicators are completely unavailable.

Data Requirements

• Input mutation data containing sample_id, age, chromosome, position, ref, and alt columns.
• A supported reference genome package installed (e.g., BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg19 or BSgenome.Hsapiens.UCSC.hg38) for trinucleotide context extraction.

Key Parameters

• data: Input data frame containing IndVar, sample_id, age, and 96 trinucleotide mutation count columns in get_signature.
• factor: The clinical factor or exposure of interest (e.g., "Smoking", "Age") in get_signature and predict_signature.
• object: A trained SuperSig S4 object in simplify_signature and partial_signature.
• iupac (FALSE): Logical indicating whether to use IUPAC labels when simplifying signatures in simplify_signature.
• newdata: New dataset to predict on in predict_signature.

Best Practices

• Ensure the VCF object contains patient age in colData(vcf)$age before calling process_vcf.
• Set a random seed (set.seed) before running get_signature to ensure reproducibility of cross-validation folds.
• Use simplify_signature(..., iupac = TRUE) to group trinucleotide features into more interpretable IUPAC representations for plotting.
• Adjust for confounding factors like aging using partial_signature before learning other signatures.

Common Pitfalls

• Missing IndVar column: get_signature requires a logical/numeric indicator variable named IndVar in the input data frame. Fix: Add and relocate the IndVar column using dplyr::mutate and dplyr::relocate.
• Reference genome mismatch: Using the wrong reference genome version (e.g., hg19 vs hg38) during make_matrix. Fix: Ensure the correct BSgenome package is loaded and matches the coordinates in your mutation data.

Alternatives

• SomaticSignatures: For unsupervised mutational signature analysis.
• MutationalPatterns: For comprehensive mutational signature extraction and visualization.

Citations

• Afsari, B. et al. (2021). Supervised mutational signatures for cancer genomics. eLife.

References

• Homepage: bioconductor.org/packages/supersigs
• Vignette: https://bioconductor.org/packages/release/bioc/vignettes/supersigs/inst/doc/supersigs.html