Effective Python

Effective Python Skill

Apply the 90 items from Brett Slatkin's "Effective Python" (2nd Edition) to review existing code and write new Python code. This skill operates in two modes: Review Mode (analyze code for violations) and Write Mode (produce idiomatic Python from scratch).

Reference Files

This skill includes categorized reference files with all 90 items:

• ref-01-pythonic-thinking.md — Items 1-10: PEP 8, f-strings, bytes/str, walrus operator, unpacking, enumerate, zip, slicing
• ref-02-lists-and-dicts.md — Items 11-18: Slicing, sorting, dict ordering, defaultdict, missing
• ref-03-functions.md — Items 19-26: Exceptions vs None, closures, *args/**kwargs, keyword-only args, decorators
• ref-04-comprehensions-generators.md — Items 27-36: Comprehensions, generators, yield from, itertools
• ref-05-classes-interfaces.md — Items 37-43: Composition, @classmethod, super(), mix-ins, public attrs
• ref-06-metaclasses-attributes.md — Items 44-51: @property, descriptors, getattr, init_subclass, class decorators
• ref-07-concurrency.md — Items 52-64: subprocess, threads, Lock, Queue, coroutines, asyncio
• ref-08-robustness-performance.md — Items 65-76: try/except, contextlib, datetime, decimal, profiling, data structures
• ref-09-testing-debugging.md — Items 77-85: TestCase, mocks, dependency injection, pdb, tracemalloc
• ref-10-collaboration.md — Items 86-90: Docstrings, packages, root exceptions, virtual environments

How to Use This Skill

Before responding, read the relevant reference files based on the code's topic. For a general review, read all files. For targeted work (e.g., writing async code), read the specific reference (e.g., ref-07-concurrency.md).

Mode 1: Code Review

When the user asks you to review existing Python code, follow this process:

Step 1: Read Relevant References

Determine which chapters apply to the code under review and read those reference files. If unsure, read all of them.

Step 2: Calibrate Your Response

If the code is already well-written and idiomatic:

• Say so explicitly and upfront. Do not manufacture issues to appear thorough.
• Praise the good patterns you see (see "Praising Good Patterns" below).
• Any suggestions must be framed as minor optional improvements, not as violations or issues.

If the code has real problems:

• Identify and report them clearly with item references.

Step 3: Praise Good Patterns (when present)

When the code uses these patterns correctly, explicitly praise them:

Step 4: Analyze the Code for Issues

For each relevant item from the book, check whether the code follows or violates the guideline. Focus on:

Key Anti-Patterns to Always Check

RIGHT — use None sentinel

def process(results=None): if results is None: results = [] results.append(...)

- **Bare `except:`** clause (Item 65): `except:` without a type catches `KeyboardInterrupt`, `SystemExit`, and `GeneratorExit`, silently killing the program. Always catch specific exception types: `except (ValueError, KeyError):` or at minimum `except Exception:`.

- **`for i in range(len(seq))`** (Item 7): Use `for item in seq` directly, or `for i, item in enumerate(seq)` when you need the index.

- **Manual list-building loops** (Item 27): Any loop that creates an empty list and appends inside the loop body should be a list comprehension.
```python
# WRONG
result = []
for x in items:
    if x > 0:
        result.append(x * 2)

# RIGHT
result = [x * 2 for x in items if x > 0]

• Java-style getter/setter methods (Item 44): get_name(), set_price(), get_value() are non-Pythonic. Access attributes directly or use @property when validation is required.

• == True / == False comparisons (Item 2 / PEP 8): if x == True: should be if x:. return self.in_stock == True should be return self.in_stock.

• Double-underscore name mangling (Item 42): self.__items makes the attribute inaccessible to subclasses and creates maintenance friction. Use single underscore self._items to signal "internal use" without enforced hiding.

• Plain data-holder class without @dataclass (Items 37–43): Any class whose __init__ only assigns parameters to self.attr with no logic should be a @dataclass. Dataclasses automatically generate __repr__, __eq__, and __init__, and signal the data-holder intent. Crucially: @dataclass and @property can coexist. If one field needs validation, make it a @property with a setter inside the @dataclass. This is the correct Pythonic pattern — do NOT abandon @dataclass just because one field has a validator.

  from dataclasses import dataclass, field
  
  @dataclass
  class Product:
      name: str
      category: str
      in_stock: bool = True
      _price: float = field(default=0.0, repr=False)
  
      @property
      def price(self) -> float:
          return self._price
  
      @price.setter
      def price(self, value: float) -> None:
          if value < 0:
              raise ValueError('Price cannot be negative')
          self._price = value
  

• Missing __repr__ (Items 37–43): Any class that is not a @dataclass should define __repr__ to aid debugging. Without it, repr(obj) shows only the class name and memory address.

• Returning None for failure (Item 20): Functions should raise exceptions for error conditions, not return None. Returning None forces callers to check for None every time and doesn't carry error information.

• else block after for/while (Item 9): The loop-else clause fires when the loop completes without a break, which is rarely the intended semantics and confuses readers. Avoid it.

Step 5: Report Findings

For each issue found, report:

• Item number and name (e.g., "Item 4: Prefer Interpolated F-Strings")
• Location in the code
• What's wrong (the anti-pattern)
• How to fix it (the Pythonic way)
• Priority: Critical (bugs/correctness), Important (maintainability), Suggestion (style)

Step 6: Provide Fixed Code

Offer a corrected version of the code with all issues addressed, with comments explaining each change.

Mode 2: Writing New Code

When the user asks you to write new Python code, follow these principles:

Always Apply These Core Practices

2. Use f-strings for string formatting (Item 4). Never use % or .format() for simple cases.

3. Use unpacking instead of indexing (Item 6). Prefer first, second = my_list over my_list[0].

4. Use enumerate instead of range(len(...)) (Item 7).

5. Use zip to iterate over multiple lists in parallel (Item 8). Use zip_longest from itertools when lengths differ.

6. Avoid else blocks after for/while loops (Item 9).

7. Use assignment expressions (:= walrus operator) to reduce repetition when appropriate (Item 10).

8. Raise exceptions instead of returning None for failure cases (Item 20).

9. Use None as the default for mutable default arguments (Item 24). Never use [], {}, or any other mutable object as a default argument value; initialize inside the function body.

10. Use keyword-only arguments for clarity (Item 25). Use positional-only args to separate API from implementation (Item 25).

11. Use functools.wraps on all decorators (Item 26).

12. Prefer comprehensions over map/filter (Item 27). Keep them simple — no more than two expressions (Item 28).

13. Use generators for large sequences instead of returning lists (Item 30).

14. Use @dataclass for plain data-holder classes (Items 37–43). A @dataclass automatically provides __init__, __repr__, and __eq__, and makes the data-holder intent explicit. Only write a manual __init__ when you need real logic that a dataclass can't handle. Add __repr__ to any class that doesn't use @dataclass, to make debugging easier.

15. Prefer composition over deeply nested classes (Item 37).

16. Use @classmethod for polymorphic constructors (Item 39).

17. Always call super().init (Item 40).

18. Use plain attributes instead of getter/setter methods. Use @property for special behavior (Item 44).

19. Use try/except/else/finally structure correctly (Item 65). Always catch specific exception types, never bare except:.

20. Write docstrings for every module, class, and function (Item 84).

Code Structure Template

When writing new modules or classes, follow this structure:

"""Module docstring describing purpose."""

# Standard library imports
# Third-party imports
# Local imports

# Module-level constants

class MyClass:
    """Class docstring describing purpose and usage.

    Attributes:
        attr_name: Description of attribute.
    """

    def __init__(self, param: type) -> None:
        """Initialize with description of params."""
        self.param = param  # Use public attributes (Item 42)

    @classmethod
    def from_alternative(cls, data):
        """Alternative constructor (Item 39)."""
        return cls(processed_data)

    def method(self, arg: type) -> return_type:
        """Method docstring.

        Args:
            arg: Description.

        Returns:
            Description of return value.

        Raises:
            ValueError: When arg is invalid (Item 20).
        """
        pass

# WRONG — mutable default causes shared state across all calls
def append_to(element, to=[]):
    to.append(element)
    return to

# RIGHT — use None sentinel, initialize inside
def append_to(element, to=None):
    if to is None:
        to = []
    to.append(element)
    return to

# WRONG — manual __init__ boilerplate for data holder
class Point:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

# RIGHT — @dataclass provides __init__, __repr__, __eq__ for free
from dataclasses import dataclass

@dataclass
class Point:
    x: float
    y: float

Important: @dataclass and @property are compatible. When one field needs validation, use both — the @dataclass handles the boilerplate and the @property handles validation. Do NOT fall back to a plain class just because one field has a setter.

# WRONG — abandoning @dataclass because price needs validation
class Product:
    def __init__(self, name, price, category):
        self.name = name
        self.price = price   # validation via set_price()
        self.category = category

    def set_price(self, value):
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError("Price cannot be negative")
        self.price = value

# RIGHT — @dataclass + @property work together
from dataclasses import dataclass, field

@dataclass
class Product:
    name: str
    category: str
    in_stock: bool = True
    _price: float = field(default=0.0, repr=False)

    @property
    def price(self) -> float:
        return self._price

    @price.setter
    def price(self, value: float) -> None:
        if value < 0:
            raise ValueError("Price cannot be negative")
        self._price = value

# WRONG — Java-style getter/setter
class Temperature:
    def get_celsius(self):
        return self._celsius

    def set_celsius(self, value):
        if value < -273.15:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below absolute zero")
        self._celsius = value

# RIGHT — use @property for validation, direct access otherwise
class Temperature:
    def __init__(self, celsius: float) -> None:
        self.celsius = celsius  # triggers setter on construction

    @property
    def celsius(self) -> float:
        return self._celsius

    @celsius.setter
    def celsius(self, value: float) -> None:
        if value < -273.15:
            raise ValueError("Temperature below absolute zero")
        self._celsius = value

# WRONG — manual loop to build list
result = []
for order in orders:
    if order['total'] > threshold:
        result.append(order)

# RIGHT — list comprehension
result = [order for order in orders if order['total'] > threshold]

Concurrency Guidelines

• Use subprocess for managing child processes (Item 52)
• Use threads only for blocking I/O, never for parallelism (Item 53)
• Use threading.Lock to prevent data races (Item 54)
• Use Queue for coordinating work between threads (Item 55)
• Use asyncio for highly concurrent I/O (Item 60)
• Never mix blocking calls in async code (Item 62)

Testing Guidelines

• Subclass TestCase and use setUp/tearDown (Item 78)
• Use unittest.mock for complex dependencies (Item 78)
• Encapsulate dependencies to make code testable (Item 79)
• Use pdb.set_trace() or breakpoint() for debugging (Item 80)
• Use tracemalloc for memory debugging (Item 81)

Priority of Items by Impact

When time is limited, focus on these highest-impact items first:

Critical (Correctness & Bugs)

• Item 20: Raise exceptions instead of returning None
• Item 24: Use None as default for mutable arguments (never [] or {})
• Item 53: Use threads for I/O only, not parallelism
• Item 54: Use Lock to prevent data races
• Item 40: Initialize parent classes with super()
• Item 65: Use try/except/else/finally correctly; always catch specific exception types
• Item 73: Use datetime instead of time module for timezone handling

Important (Maintainability)

• Item 1: Follow PEP 8 style
• Item 4: Use f-strings
• Item 7: Use for item in seq or enumerate; never range(len(seq))
• Item 19: Never unpack more than 3 variables
• Item 25: Use keyword-only and positional-only arguments
• Item 26: Use functools.wraps for decorators
• Items 37–43: Use @dataclass for plain data holders; add __repr__ to any class without it
• Item 42: Prefer public attributes over private; use single underscore for internal
• Item 44: Use plain attributes over getter/setter; use @property for validation
• Item 66: Use @contextmanager for reusable resource management patterns
• Item 84: Write docstrings for all public APIs

Suggestions (Polish & Optimization)

• Item 8: Use zip for parallel iteration
• Item 10: Use walrus operator to reduce repetition
• Item 27: Use comprehensions over map/filter and manual loops
• Item 30: Use generators for large sequences
• Item 70: Profile before optimizing (cProfile)

Reviewing Already-Good Code

When the submitted code is already idiomatic and well-structured, the review must:

1. Lead with affirmative praise — say explicitly that the code is idiomatic / well-written.
2. Call out each strong pattern by name and item, e.g.:
   • @contextmanager usage → praise as Item 66
   • Generator functions (yield) → praise as Item 30
   • Type annotations on public functions → praise as Item 84
   • Docstrings on public APIs → praise as Item 84
   • @dataclass for data holders → praise as Items 37–43
   • List/dict/set comprehensions → praise as Item 27
3. Do not invent problems. If something is genuinely fine, do not flag it as an issue.
4. Clearly label any suggestion as optional — use language like "minor suggestion", "stylistic alternative", or "optional improvement", never "issue" or "problem".
5. Keep the tone positive — the goal is to affirm and explain why the patterns are good, not to find fault.