Motion Design

Motion Design System

Animation is communication. Every motion in the UI must earn its place by answering: does this help the user understand what just happened, where focus is, or what they can do next? If the answer is no, remove it.

Core principles

1. Purpose over decoration — animation guides attention, confirms actions, and reveals hierarchy. It does not add sparkle for its own sake.
2. Orientation — motion should reinforce spatial relationships. Things that slide in from the right came from the right. Things that expand grew from a point. Misleading direction confuses.
3. Speed feels quality — slow animations feel cheap and in the way. Responsive interfaces feel fast because their transitions are fast.
4. Mobile first, touch always — hover effects are an enhancement, not a requirement. Test on touch.
5. Accessibility is not optional — prefers-reduced-motion: reduce must always be handled. Users with vestibular disorders and epilepsy rely on this. No exceptions.
6. Core Web Vitals — animations must never trigger layout (CLS), delay interactivity (INP), or block paint (LCP). Animate only composited properties.

Animation Design Tokens

Define once in the shared CSS entry (src/styles/app.css or equivalent). Every component imports these — no ad-hoc duration-[237ms] arbitrary values.

@theme {
  /* Durations */
  --duration-instant:  100ms;
  --duration-fast:     150ms;
  --duration-normal:   300ms;
  --duration-slow:     500ms;
  --duration-slower:   700ms;

  /* Easing */
  --ease-standard:   cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 0.2, 1);   /* material standard */
  --ease-decelerate: cubic-bezier(0, 0, 0.2, 1);      /* entering elements */
  --ease-accelerate: cubic-bezier(0.4, 0, 1, 1);      /* exiting elements */
  --ease-emphasized: cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0, 1);      /* Apple/Linear feel */
  --ease-bounce:     cubic-bezier(0.34, 1.56, 0.64, 1); /* spring-like pop */
  --ease-spring:     cubic-bezier(0.175, 0.885, 0.32, 1.275);

  /* Stagger delay multiplier — multiply by child index */
  --stagger-unit: 50ms;
}

Use in Tailwind with transition-[duration:var(--duration-fast)] or directly in scoped CSS via var().

Performance rules

Animate ONLY these properties (GPU-composited, zero layout cost)

NEVER animate these (trigger layout — kills performance and CLS)

width, height, top, left, right, bottom, margin, padding, border-width, font-size, line-height

will-change guidance

Add will-change: transform, opacity only on elements that are known to animate imminently (e.g., a nav drawer that opens). Remove it after the animation with JavaScript. Applying it broadly wastes GPU memory and can slow the page down.

GPU acceleration

translateZ(0) or translate3d(0,0,0) forces GPU layer promotion. Use sparingly — only when you observe compositor jank on a real device.

Apple / Linear / Stripe motion rules

Study these sites before inventing something new. Their shared rules:

• Small movements — translate by 4px–12px max. Large travel distances feel unprofessional.
• Scale conservatively — scale(1.02) for hover lift, scale(1.05) maximum. Never beyond.
• No gratuitous rotation — max 3deg for a tilt effect. Zero for most components.
• Shadow is subtle — animate shadow size and opacity gently; avoid abrupt shadow jumps.
• Combine opacity + transform — a fade that also moves 8px upward reads as intentional, not accidental. A raw opacity fade alone looks like a mistake.
• Stagger reveals — grid items, nav links, and list items should enter with a 50ms offset per item, not all at once.
• Exits are faster than entrances — entering: 300ms ease-decelerate. Exiting: 200ms ease-accelerate.

Component animation states

Every interactive component defines these eight states. Define them all, even if some are identity transforms. Consistency means no surprises.

Button patterns

/* Tailwind v4 @utility — define once, use as class */
@utility btn-motion {
  transition:
    transform var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-standard),
    box-shadow var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-standard),
    background-color var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-standard);

  &:hover:not([disabled]) {
    transform: translateY(-2px);
    box-shadow: 0 4px 12px oklch(0% 0 0 / 15%);
  }

  &:active:not([disabled]) {
    transform: translateY(0) scale(0.97);
    box-shadow: none;
    transition-duration: var(--duration-instant);
  }

  &:focus-visible {
    outline: 2px solid var(--color-primary);
    outline-offset: 3px;
  }

  &[disabled], &.is-disabled {
    opacity: 0.4;
    cursor: not-allowed;
  }
}

Loading spinner — avoid layout shift by keeping the button the same size:

<button class="btn-motion relative" class:list={[isLoading && 'is-loading']}>
  <span class:list={[isLoading ? 'opacity-0' : 'opacity-100', 'transition-opacity duration-150']}>
    {label}
  </span>
  {isLoading && (
    <span class="absolute inset-0 flex items-center justify-center">
      <span class="size-4 animate-spin rounded-full border-2 border-current border-t-transparent" />
    </span>
  )}
</button>

Card patterns

@utility card-lift {
  transition:
    transform var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-emphasized),
    box-shadow var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-emphasized);

  &:hover {
    transform: translateY(-4px);
    box-shadow: 0 12px 32px oklch(0% 0 0 / 12%);
  }
}

@utility card-glow {
  transition: box-shadow var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-standard);

  &:hover {
    box-shadow: 0 0 0 1px var(--color-primary), 0 8px 24px oklch(from var(--color-primary) l c h / 20%);
  }
}

Image zoom within card (contain zoom inside card bounds):

<div class="overflow-hidden rounded-xl">
  <img class="transition-transform duration-500 ease-[--ease-emphasized] group-hover:scale-[1.04]" … />
</div>

Navigation patterns

Dropdown — use @starting-style for enter + transition-behavior: allow-discrete for display toggle:

.dropdown-menu {
  display: none;
  opacity: 0;
  transform: translateY(-6px);
  transition:
    opacity var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-decelerate),
    transform var(--duration-fast) var(--ease-decelerate),
    display var(--duration-fast) allow-discrete;

  @starting-style {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(-6px);
  }
}

.dropdown-menu.is-open {
  display: block;
  opacity: 1;
  transform: translateY(0);
}

Mobile drawer:

.drawer {
  transform: translateX(-100%);
  transition: transform var(--duration-slow) var(--ease-emphasized);

  &.is-open {
    transform: translateX(0);
  }
}

Overlay backdrop:

.backdrop {
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-standard);

  &.is-open { opacity: 1; }
}

Hero entrance sequence

Stagger the headline, paragraph, and CTA with CSS custom property delays. No JavaScript needed.

---
// Hero.astro
---
<section class="hero">
  <h1 class="hero-headline" style="--delay: 0ms">...</h1>
  <p class="hero-body" style="--delay: 100ms">...</p>
  <a class="hero-cta" style="--delay: 200ms">...</a>
</section>

<style>
  .hero-headline,
  .hero-body,
  .hero-cta {
    animation: fade-up var(--duration-slow) var(--ease-decelerate) var(--delay, 0ms) both;
  }

  @keyframes fade-up {
    from {
      opacity: 0;
      transform: translateY(16px);
    }
    to {
      opacity: 1;
      transform: translateY(0);
    }
  }

  @media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
    .hero-headline,
    .hero-body,
    .hero-cta {
      animation: none;
    }
  }
</style>

Scroll animation patterns

Option A — Scroll-driven animations (CSS only, modern browsers)

No JavaScript, no IntersectionObserver. Uses animation-timeline: view().

.reveal {
  animation: fade-up-reveal linear both;
  animation-timeline: view();
  animation-range: entry 0% entry 30%;
}

@keyframes fade-up-reveal {
  from {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: translateY(24px);
  }
  to {
    opacity: 1;
    transform: translateY(0);
  }
}

Named view timeline for precise control:

.product-image {
  view-timeline-name: --product;
  view-timeline-axis: block;
}

.product-copy {
  animation: slide-in linear both;
  animation-timeline: --product;
  animation-range: contain 20% contain 60%;
}

Option B — IntersectionObserver (broader support)

For Svelte 5 components, use an action:

// shared/src/utils/animate.ts
export function reveal(node: Element, { delay = 0, y = 16 } = {}) {
  const motion = matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
  if (motion) return {};

  node.style.cssText = `opacity:0;transform:translateY(${y}px);transition:opacity 0.5s,transform 0.5s`;

  const io = new IntersectionObserver(([entry]) => {
    if (!entry.isIntersecting) return;
    setTimeout(() => {
      node.style.opacity = '1';
      node.style.transform = 'translateY(0)';
    }, delay);
    io.disconnect();
  }, { threshold: 0.15 });

  io.observe(node);
  return { destroy: () => io.disconnect() };
}

<script>
  import { reveal } from '$lib/utils/animate';
</script>

<div use:reveal={{ delay: 100 }}>...</div>

Stagger grid

---
const items = [...];
---
<ul class="grid grid-cols-3 gap-6">
  {items.map((item, i) => (
    <li class="reveal" style={`--delay: ${i * 50}ms`}>
      <Card {item} />
    </li>
  ))}
</ul>

Available patterns

Modern CSS 2025/2026 features

@starting-style — enter transitions without JavaScript

dialog {
  opacity: 1;
  transform: scale(1);
  transition: opacity 0.2s, transform 0.3s var(--ease-bounce),
    overlay 0.3s allow-discrete, display 0.3s allow-discrete;

  @starting-style {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: scale(0.92);
  }

  &:not([open]) {
    opacity: 0;
    transform: scale(0.92);
  }
}

transition-behavior: allow-discrete

Required when transitioning display or visibility from none to block. Without it, the element snaps immediately.

.popover {
  display: none;
  transition: opacity 0.2s, display 0.2s allow-discrete;

  &.is-visible {
    display: block;
    opacity: 1;
  }
}

:has() for state-based animation

/* Animate card when its checkbox is checked */
.card:has(input:checked) {
  transform: scale(1.02);
  box-shadow: 0 0 0 2px var(--color-primary);
}

/* Stagger only when section is in viewport */
.section:has(.is-visible) .item {
  animation: fade-up 0.4s var(--ease-decelerate) both;
}

color-mix() for OKLCH hover tints

.badge {
  background: var(--color-accent);
  transition: background var(--duration-fast);

  &:hover {
    background: color-mix(in oklch, var(--color-accent) 85%, white);
  }
}

CSS Nesting — keep animation rules co-located

.card {
  transition: transform 0.3s, box-shadow 0.3s;

  &:hover { transform: translateY(-4px); }
  &:active { transform: translateY(-1px) scale(0.98); }

  & .card-image {
    transition: transform 0.5s var(--ease-emphasized);
  }

  &:hover .card-image { transform: scale(1.04); }
}

Tailwind v4 implementation patterns

motion-safe and motion-reduce variants

Always pair these — define the reduced-motion state first as the default, enhance for motion-safe:

<!-- Default: instant, motion-safe: animated -->
<div class="opacity-0 motion-safe:animate-fade-up">...</div>

<!-- Or: always show, but remove hover motion for reduce -->
<button class="motion-safe:hover:-translate-y-0.5 motion-safe:transition-transform">...</button>

Custom @utility animations

@utility animate-fade-up {
  animation: fade-up var(--duration-slow) var(--ease-decelerate) var(--delay, 0ms) both;
}

@utility animate-scale-in {
  animation: scale-in var(--duration-normal) var(--ease-bounce) var(--delay, 0ms) both;
}

@keyframes fade-up {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: translateY(16px); }
  to   { opacity: 1; transform: translateY(0); }
}

@keyframes scale-in {
  from { opacity: 0; transform: scale(0.92); }
  to   { opacity: 1; transform: scale(1); }
}

group-hover for compound effects

<div class="group card-lift">
  <img class="transition-transform duration-500 group-hover:scale-[1.04] overflow-hidden" />
  <span class="transition-opacity duration-200 opacity-0 group-hover:opacity-100">View</span>
</div>

prefers-reduced-motion — non-negotiable

Every animation must have a reduced-motion fallback. Use one of these three approaches — pick the one that fits the context:

CSS media query (scoped styles):

@media (prefers-reduced-motion: reduce) {
  * {
    animation-duration: 0.01ms !important;
    animation-iteration-count: 1 !important;
    transition-duration: 0.01ms !important;
  }
}

Tailwind variant (per element):

<div class="motion-safe:animate-fade-up">...</div>

JavaScript (runtime check for Svelte actions / JS-driven animations):

const prefersReduced = matchMedia('(prefers-reduced-motion: reduce)').matches;
if (prefersReduced) return; // skip animation setup entirely

Do not merely slow down animations for reduced-motion — remove them. The preference is about vestibular impact, not aesthetics.

Micro-interaction details (polish)

Exact values — these are thresholds, not suggestions:

• Never transition: all. Always name the properties: transition-property: transform, opacity. all animates unintended properties and can trigger layout.
• Scale on press: scale(0.96). Never below 0.95 — anything smaller feels exaggerated. (0.97 idle-press elsewhere in this doc is fine; 0.96 is the tactile default for buttons.)
• Interruptible vs one-shot. Use CSS transitions for interactive state changes (hover/active/focus) — they can be interrupted mid-flight. Reserve @keyframes for staged sequences that run once (hero entrance, toast). Don't drive interactive state with keyframes.
• Icon swaps: cross-fade, don't toggle display. Animate opacity 0→1, scale 0.25→1, blur 4px→0. With a motion library: spring, duration 0.3, bounce 0 (bounce always 0). Without one: keep both icons in the DOM (one absolute) and cross-fade with cubic-bezier(0.2, 0, 0, 1).
• Skip entrance animation on first paint where a reveal would otherwise replay on load/tab-restore (e.g. initial={false} in AnimatePresence). Reveals must enhance already-visible content — never gate visibility on a transition that pauses on hidden tabs.

Quality checklist

Before delivering any animation code, verify each item:

• Purposeful — does this motion communicate something the user needs to know?
• GPU-only — animates only transform, opacity, filter, or clip-path
• Reduced-motion handled — fallback defined at CSS, Tailwind, or JS layer
• Duration on-token — uses --duration-* variables, not arbitrary values
• Scale within bounds — ≤ scale(1.05) for hover, ≤ scale(1.02) for idle pulse
• Movement within bounds — translate ≤ 12px except for intentional drawer/modal slides
• Touch-friendly — hover effects are additive, not required for usability
• No layout animation — no width, height, margin, padding, top, left
• Exit faster than enter — exit transition ≤ 66% of enter duration
• No will-change abuse — only on elements that will animate within 100ms