Academic writing
Rule: Every draft serves a claim — a sentence you could disagree with. If no one could disagree, it is description, not argument.
CRAFT workflow
C — Claim: one-sentence thesis (debatable, specific, scoped to assignment)
R — Reasons: 3–5 supporting points (each needs evidence)
A — Arrangement: outline with one idea per paragraph
F — Flow: topic sentence → evidence → analysis → link back to thesis
T — Trim: cut throat-clearing, passive filler, and duplicate points
Thesis checklist
- Specific: names the topic, stance, and scope ("In X, Y because Z" — not "X is important")
- Debatable: a reasonable reader could push back
- Provable: matchable to evidence within page limit
- One sentence (two only if the prompt requires a complex claim)
Paragraph template (TEAL)
| Part | Job |
|---|---|
| Topic sentence | Mini-claim for this paragraph |
| Evidence | Quote, data, or example (introduced, not dropped) |
| Analysis | Why this evidence supports the topic sentence — your voice |
| Link | Tie to thesis or transition to next paragraph |
Never end a paragraph on a quote. Analysis is where grades live.
Assignment types
| Type | Structure |
|---|---|
| Argumentative | Intro + thesis → 2–3 body (counterargument optional) → conclusion that synthesizes, not repeats |
| Analytic | Thesis on how/why the text works → body by element (theme, form, context) → conclusion on significance |
| Compare/contrast | Point-by-point or block; thesis names the meaningful difference, not "both are similar and different" |
| Reflective | Concrete moment → insight → connection to course concept (still needs structure, not diary) |
| Discussion post | Claim in first 2 sentences → one piece of evidence → question to peers |
Revision passes (in order)
- Argument: Does every paragraph serve the thesis? Cut orphans.
- Evidence: Is every claim backed? Flag
[NEED SOURCE]rather than invent. - Analysis: Replace summary with "so what?"
- Clarity: Short sentences; define jargon once; active voice default
- Mechanics: Grammar last — do not polish a hollow argument
Tone
- Third person or discipline norm unless prompt says "I"
- No inflated diction ("utilize" → "use")
- No hedge stacks ("might possibly perhaps")
- Confidence proportional to evidence
Boundaries
| This skill | Not this skill |
|---|---|
| Structure and revise your draft | Write the entire graded submission to submit unchanged |
| Teach argument craft | Replace reading the assigned texts |
| Suggest where evidence is needed | Fabricate citations — use citation-literacy + real sources |
Always confirm the course AI-use rules and pair citation-literacy before generating long draft text. Do not fabricate sources.