A11Y Debugging

Core Concepts

Page Targeting: Page-scoped tools (take_snapshot, list_console_messages, evaluate_script, press_key, take_screenshot, lighthouse_audit, etc.) require a pageId parameter. Retrieve available page IDs using list_pages or from new_page.

Accessibility Tree vs DOM: Visually hiding an element (e.g., CSS opacity: 0) behaves differently for screen readers than display: none or aria-hidden="true". The take_snapshot tool returns the accessibility tree of the page, which represents what assistive technologies "see", making it the most reliable source of truth for semantic structure.

Reading web.dev documentation: If you need to research specific accessibility guidelines (like https://web.dev/articles/accessible-tap-targets), you can append .md.txt to the URL (e.g., https://web.dev/articles/accessible-tap-targets.md.txt) to fetch the clean, raw markdown version. This is much easier to read!

Workflow Patterns

1. Automated Audit (Lighthouse)

Start by running a Lighthouse accessibility audit to get a comprehensive baseline. This tool provides a high-level score and lists specific failing elements with remediation advice.

1. Run the audit:
   • Set mode to "navigation" to refresh the page and capture load issues.
   • Set outputDirPath (e.g., /tmp/lh-report) to save the full JSON report.
2. Analyze the Summary:
   • Check scores (0-1 scale). A score < 1 indicates violations.
   • Review audits.failed count.
3. Review the Report (CRITICAL):
   • Parsing: Do not read the entire file line-by-line. Use a CLI tool like jq or a Node.js one-liner to filter for failures:

     # Extract failing audits with their details
     node -e "const r=require('./report.json'); Object.values(r.audits).filter(a=>a.score!==null && a.score<1).forEach(a=>console.log(JSON.stringify({id:a.id, title:a.title, items:a.details?.items})))"
     

   • This efficiently extracts the selector and snippet of failing elements without loading the full report into context.

2. Browser Issues & Audits

Chrome automatically checks for common accessibility problems. Use list_console_messages to check for these native audits:

• types: ["issue"]
• includePreservedMessages: true (to catch issues that occurred during page load)

This often reveals missing labels, invalid ARIA attributes, and other critical errors without manual investigation.

3. Semantics & Structure

The accessibility tree exposes the heading hierarchy and semantic landmarks.

1. Navigate to the page.
2. Use take_snapshot to capture the accessibility tree.
3. Check Heading Levels: Ensure heading levels (h1, h2, h3, etc.) are logical and do not skip levels. The snapshot will include heading roles.
4. Content Reordering: Verify that the DOM order (which drives the accessibility tree) matches the visual reading order. Use take_screenshot to inspect the visual layout and compare it against the snapshot structure to catch CSS floats or absolute positioning that jumbles the logical flow.

4. Labels, Forms & Text Alternatives

1. Locate buttons, inputs, and images in the take_snapshot output.
2. Ensure interactive elements have an accessible name (e.g., a button should not just say "" if it only contains an icon).
3. Orphaned Inputs: Verify that all form inputs have associated labels. Use evaluate_script with the "Find Orphaned Form Inputs" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.
4. Check images for alt text.

5. Focus & Keyboard Navigation

Testing "keyboard traps" and proper focus management without visual feedback relies on tracking the focused element.

1. Use the press_key tool with "Tab" or "Shift+Tab" to move focus.
2. Use take_snapshot to capture the updated accessibility tree.
3. Locate the element marked as focused in the snapshot to verify focus moved to the expected interactive element.
4. If a modal opens, focus must move into the modal and "trap" within it until closed.

6. Tap Targets and Visuals

According to web.dev, tap targets should be at least 48x48 pixels with sufficient spacing. Since the accessibility tree doesn't show sizes, use evaluate_script with the "Measure Tap Target Size" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

Pass the element's uid from the snapshot as an argument to evaluate_script.

7. Color Contrast

To verify color contrast ratios, start by checking for native accessibility issues:

1. Call list_console_messages with types: ["issue"].
2. Look for "Low Contrast" issues in the output.

If native audits do not report issues (which may happen in some headless environments) or if you need to check a specific element manually, use evaluate_script with the "Check Color Contrast" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

8. Global Page Checks

Verify document-level accessibility settings often missed in component testing using the "Global Page Checks" snippet found in references/a11y-snippets.md.

Troubleshooting

If standard a11y queries fail or the evaluate_script snippets return unexpected results:

• Visual Inspection: If automated scripts cannot determine contrast (e.g., text over gradient images or complex backgrounds), use take_screenshot to capture the element. While models cannot measure exact contrast ratios from images, they can visually assess legibility and identify obvious issues.