Loom Logging Observability

Logging and Observability

Overview

Understand system behavior through the three pillars — logs, metrics, traces — correlated by shared IDs. This skill covers structured logging, OpenTelemetry tracing, Prometheus metrics, aggregation backends, and alerting, with emphasis on the cost/cardinality traps and sampling decisions that separate a working setup from an expensive broken one.

Three Pillars — what each answers, and its cost model

Reach for metrics first (cheap, aggregate), traces to localize, logs for the detail. Link all three by trace_id/correlation_id so you can pivot: alert fires on a metric → jump to an exemplar trace → read that trace's logs.

Structured Logging

Emit JSON, one object per event — never string-interpolated prose. Structured fields are queryable in any backend; f"user {id} did {action}" is not.

import json, logging, sys
from datetime import datetime, timezone
from contextvars import ContextVar

correlation_id: ContextVar[str] = ContextVar("correlation_id", default="")
trace_id: ContextVar[str] = ContextVar("trace_id", default="")

class JsonFormatter(logging.Formatter):
    def format(self, r: logging.LogRecord) -> str:
        data = {
            "ts": datetime.now(timezone.utc).isoformat(),
            "level": r.levelname, "logger": r.name, "msg": r.getMessage(),
            "correlation_id": correlation_id.get(), "trace_id": trace_id.get(),
        }
        if r.exc_info:
            data["exception"] = self.formatException(r.exc_info)
        if hasattr(r, "fields"):
            data.update(r.fields)          # structured extras
        return json.dumps(data)

h = logging.StreamHandler(sys.stdout); h.setFormatter(JsonFormatter())
logging.getLogger().addHandler(h); logging.getLogger().setLevel(logging.INFO)

logging.getLogger(__name__).info("order processed",
    extra={"fields": {"order_id": order.id, "total": order.total}})

TypeScript: use a child-logger pattern so request context is bound once and inherited — pino/winston do this natively; prefer them over hand-rolling.

// pino: bound context + fast JSON. child() inherits parent fields.
const log = pino();
const reqLog = log.child({ correlationId, traceId });
reqLog.info({ orderId, total }, "order processed");  // object first, message second

Log levels

Logging discipline (the expensive mistakes)

• Never log secrets/PII — passwords, tokens, full card numbers, emails, request bodies. Redact at the formatter (allowlist fields), not by remembering at each call site. PII in logs is a compliance breach (GDPR/PCI) and log stores are rarely access-controlled like a DB.
• Structured over interpolated — attach IDs as fields, not baked into the message string, or you can't filter/aggregate by them.
• Don't log in hot paths synchronously. A blocking log write per iteration in a tight loop or per-row is a latency cliff. Use async/non-blocking appenders (QueueHandler in Python, pino's async transport) and log the summary, not each item.
• Sample high-volume logs. For chatty success paths, emit 1-in-N (keep 100% of WARN/ERROR). Reduces cost without losing the signal.
• Consistent field names across services — adopt OpenTelemetry semantic conventions for resource and signal attributes; keep any application correlation field stable across services. Cross-service queries depend on it.
• Emit to stdout as JSON; let the platform collect it. Don't manage log files/rotation inside the app in a containerized environment — the agent/sidecar (Promtail, Fluent Bit, Datadog agent) tails stdout.

Distributed Tracing

Use OpenTelemetry — the vendor-neutral standard (CNCF). Don't hand-roll spans/tracers: the OTel SDK gives context propagation, batching, and OTLP export for free, and swaps backends (Jaeger, Tempo, Datadog, any OTLP endpoint) without code change. Maturity as of 2026: tracing is stable/GA; metrics stable; logs stable spec but SDK/collector logs support is newer than traces — verify your language SDK's status before relying on OTel logs vs a mature logging lib.

Architecture: SDK in-process (creates spans, propagates context) → OTel Collector (receive/process/export; the place to do batching, tail sampling, redaction, fan-out to backends). Run the Collector as a sidecar or gateway; keep exporters/sampling config there so apps stay backend-agnostic.

from opentelemetry import trace
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace import TracerProvider
from opentelemetry.sdk.resources import Resource
from opentelemetry.sdk.trace.export import BatchSpanProcessor
from opentelemetry.exporter.otlp.proto.grpc.trace_exporter import OTLPSpanExporter
from opentelemetry.instrumentation.fastapi import FastAPIInstrumentor

provider = TracerProvider(resource=Resource.create({"service.name": "order-service"}))
# OTLP/gRPC accepts an endpoint URL. `insecure=True` is appropriate only for a
# trusted in-cluster plaintext collector; configure TLS explicitly for remote use.
provider.add_span_processor(BatchSpanProcessor(OTLPSpanExporter(endpoint="http://otel-collector:4317", insecure=True)))
trace.set_tracer_provider(provider)
tracer = trace.get_tracer(__name__)

FastAPIInstrumentor.instrument_app(app)   # auto-spans for incoming requests + context extraction

@app.get("/orders/{order_id}")
async def get_order(order_id: str):
    with tracer.start_as_current_span("fetch_order") as span:
        span.set_attribute("order.id", order_id)      # low-cardinality-ok on spans (unlike metrics labels)
        return await repo.get(order_id)

Context propagation — W3C traceparent

A trace spans services only if context crosses the wire. The standard is the W3C traceparent header: 00-<32-hex trace-id>-<16-hex span-id>-<2-hex flags> (flags bit 0 = sampled). OTel auto-instrumentation injects it on outgoing HTTP/gRPC and extracts it on incoming — so instrument BOTH the client and server side, or the trace breaks at the boundary and you get orphan traces. For non-HTTP hops (queues, Kafka), propagate traceparent as a message attribute manually. Legacy backends may use B3 (Zipkin) headers; configure the propagator to match, or run both.

Sampling — head vs tail

You cannot afford 100% of spans at volume. Two strategies:

• Head sampling: decide at trace start (in the SDK), e.g. ParentBased(TraceIdRatioBased(0.1)) keeps 10%. Cheap, no buffering. Fatal limitation: the decision is made before the outcome is known, so you cannot "keep all errors" — a 1% error might be dropped.
• Tail sampling: decide after the whole trace finishes, in the Collector's tailsamplingprocessor — keep 100% of error/slow traces + a sample of normal ones. Requires buffering every span of a trace until complete, so all spans of one trace must reach the same Collector instance: put a load-balancing exporter (routing by trace-id) in front of the tail-sampling collectors, or they'll each see partial traces and sample wrongly.

Rule of thumb: head-sample for cost control at the edge; add tail sampling in the Collector when you need "always keep errors/slow." Propagate the sampled flag so a downstream service doesn't independently drop spans of a kept trace.

Correlation & exemplars

Put trace_id into every log line's structured fields (bind it in a middleware/context var) so a trace pivots to its logs. Link metrics → traces with exemplars: a sampled trace-id attached to a histogram bucket observation, letting Grafana jump from a latency spike on a graph to the exact slow trace. Prometheus needs --enable-feature=exemplar-storage and OpenMetrics exposition; the client library attaches the exemplar at observe() time.

Metrics

Use a real client (prometheus_client, OTel metrics) — don't hand-roll registries. They handle concurrency, exposition format, and label management correctly.

from prometheus_client import Counter, Gauge, Histogram, start_http_server

REQS = Counter("http_requests_total", "Requests", ["method", "route", "status"])
INFLIGHT = Gauge("http_inflight_requests", "In-flight requests")
LAT = Histogram("http_request_duration_seconds", "Latency", ["method", "route"],
                buckets=(.005, .01, .025, .05, .1, .25, .5, 1, 2.5, 5))

start_http_server(9090)                        # exposes /metrics for scrape

@INFLIGHT.track_inprogress()
def handle(req):
    with LAT.labels(req.method, req.route).time():   # times the block
        resp = process(req)
    REQS.labels(req.method, req.route, resp.status).inc()

• Types: Counter (monotonic totals — _total), Gauge (up/down current value — memory, queue depth), Histogram (bucketed distribution — latency; enables histogram_quantile percentiles server-side). Prefer Histogram over Summary for latency (Summary quantiles can't be aggregated across instances).
• Naming (Prometheus): base unit suffix — _seconds, _bytes, _total. http_request_duration_seconds, not _ms.
• ⚠ Label cardinality is the #1 killer. Each unique label-value combination is a separate time series stored in memory. Never use unbounded values as labels — user_id, request_id, email, full URL with IDs, raw error message. One high-card label can create millions of series and OOM Prometheus. Keep labels to bounded sets (method, route template, status class). Put the high-card identifier in a trace or log, not a metric label.

Dashboards & SLOs — RED and USE

• RED (request-driven services): Rate (req/s), Errors (failed req/s or ratio), Duration (latency distribution, alert on p95/p99). One RED panel set per service tells you if users are hurting.
• USE (resources: CPU, disk, pool, queue): Utilization (% busy), Saturation (queued/waiting work — the leading indicator), Errors. Saturation usually predicts trouble before utilization saturates.
• Golden Signals (Google SRE) = latency, traffic, errors, saturation — RED + saturation. Alert on symptom signals (RED), use USE to diagnose the cause.

Log Aggregation — and the indexing cost trap

The single biggest cost/architecture decision: index everything vs index labels only.

• ELK / Elasticsearch / OpenSearch: indexes every field → fast arbitrary full-text and field queries, but storage and compute scale with total log volume (expensive at scale; index bloat, hot-node pressure).
• Grafana Loki: indexes only labels (stream metadata), stores log content compressed and unindexed → cheap ingest/storage; content queries are brute-force scans over the time-and-label-narrowed set ({app="api"} |= "timeout"). Great when you filter by labels then grep; slow if you need ad-hoc full-text over everything.
• Loki cardinality trap (same killer as metrics): every unique label-value set is a separate stream. Putting trace_id/user_id/pod_ip as a Loki label explodes stream count and destroys performance. Keep labels low-cardinality (app, env, level, namespace); filter high-card values as content in the query, not as labels.
• Datadog / hosted: priced per ingested/indexed GB — use ingestion filters/exclusion rules (e.g. drop health-check logs) and index only what you'll query.

# Promtail → Loki: LOW-cardinality labels only; do NOT add trace_id/user_id as labels
scrape_configs:
  - job_name: app
    static_configs: [{ targets: [localhost], labels: { job: app, __path__: /var/log/app/*.log } }]
    pipeline_stages:
      - json: { expressions: { level: level, service: service } }
      - labels: { level:, service: }        # bounded sets only

# Datadog agent: exclude noise at ingest to control cost
logs_config:
  processing_rules:
    - type: exclude_at_match
      name: drop_healthchecks
      pattern: "GET /health"

Alerting

groups:
  - name: service
    rules:
      - alert: HighErrorRate                # symptom, not cause
        expr: sum(rate(http_requests_total{status=~"5.."}[5m])) / sum(rate(http_requests_total[5m])) > 0.05
        for: 5m
        labels: { severity: critical }
        annotations:
          summary: "Error rate {{ $value | humanizePercentage }}"
          runbook_url: "https://wiki/runbooks/high-error-rate"     # every alert links a runbook
      - alert: HighLatencyP95
        expr: histogram_quantile(0.95, sum(rate(http_request_duration_seconds_bucket[5m])) by (le)) > 1
        for: 10m
        labels: { severity: warning }
      - alert: ServiceDown
        expr: up == 0
        for: 1m
        labels: { severity: critical }

Principles:

• Alert on symptoms (user impact), not causes. Page on error rate/latency (RED); CPU high with healthy latency is not an incident. Symptoms say what's broken; use USE/traces to find why.
• Every alert is actionable and has a runbook. Non-actionable alerts cause fatigue → ignored pages. Delete or downgrade alerts nobody acts on.
• Thresholds from SLOs, not vibes. Prefer SLO burn-rate alerts (fast burn = page, slow burn = ticket) over static thresholds — they alert proportional to error-budget consumption and cut false pages during low traffic.
• for: avoids flapping — require the condition to hold before firing.

Request middleware (correlation + span + metrics in one place)

class ObservabilityMiddleware(BaseHTTPMiddleware):
    async def dispatch(self, request, call_next):
        corr = request.headers.get("X-Correlation-ID", str(uuid.uuid4()))
        correlation_id.set(corr)
        span = trace.get_current_span()               # created by FastAPIInstrumentor
        span.set_attribute("correlation_id", corr)
        trace_id.set(format(span.get_span_context().trace_id, "032x"))  # into logs
        start = time.perf_counter()
        try:
            resp = await call_next(request)
            LAT.labels(request.method, request.url.path).observe(time.perf_counter() - start)
            REQS.labels(request.method, request.url.path, str(resp.status_code)).inc()
            resp.headers["X-Correlation-ID"] = corr
            return resp
        except Exception as e:
            span.record_exception(e); span.set_attribute("error", True)
            raise

Note: use url.path template (route pattern), not the raw path with IDs, as the metric label — else cardinality explodes.

Verification Checklist

• Logs are JSON to stdout with consistent field names; correlation_id + trace_id on every line
• No secrets/PII in logs; redaction is enforced at the formatter, not per-call-site
• Hot-path logging is async/sampled; success paths sampled, 100% of WARN/ERROR kept
• Tracing uses the OTel SDK; both client and server sides instrumented so traceparent propagates (no orphan traces)
• Sampling chosen deliberately: head for cost, tail (in Collector, with trace-id load balancing) if "always keep errors"
• Metric labels are bounded — no user_id/request_id/raw-path/error-string as labels
• Latency uses Histogram with sensible buckets; percentiles computed via histogram_quantile
• Dashboards follow RED (services) / USE (resources); metric names carry base-unit suffixes
• Loki labels are low-cardinality (no trace_id/user_id as labels); backend indexing cost understood (Loki labels-only vs ELK index-all)
• Alerts fire on symptoms, have for:, link a runbook, and derive thresholds from SLOs (prefer burn-rate)
• Logs, metrics, and traces are cross-linkable by shared IDs; exemplars wired if metric→trace pivot is needed