Modern JS

Modern JavaScript Preferences (ES2025/ES2026)

Model training cutoffs predate most of these APIs. When writing JavaScript, check every function you produce against this list before finalizing. Prefer the newer API unless the target runtime doesn't support it — in that case, suggest a polyfill.

Iterators and collections

Iterating a large or infinite sequence

Use Iterator.prototype methods (.map, .filter, .take, .drop, .toArray). They're lazy, so they work on infinite iterators and don't allocate intermediate arrays.

// BAD: materializes the whole sequence
const firstTenEvenSquares = [];
for (const n of naturalNumbers()) {
  if (n % 2 === 0) {
    firstTenEvenSquares.push(n * n);
    if (firstTenEvenSquares.length === 10) break;
  }
}

// GOOD: lazy, stops pulling upstream after 10
const firstTenEvenSquares = naturalNumbers()
  .filter(n => n % 2 === 0)
  .map(n => n * n)
  .take(10)
  .toArray();

Wrapping a NodeList, Set, or Map to use array methods

Use Iterator.from(x) instead of [...x] or Array.from(x).

// BAD: allocates an intermediate array
const ids = Array.from(document.querySelectorAll('.card'))
  .filter(el => !el.classList.contains('hidden'))
  .map(el => el.dataset.id);

// GOOD: lazy, no intermediate array
const ids = Iterator.from(document.querySelectorAll('.card'))
  .filter(el => !el.classList.contains('hidden'))
  .map(el => el.dataset.id)
  .toArray();

Set operations

Use the native methods. Never write a manual loop or reach for lodash.

// BAD
const shared = new Set();
for (const tech of frontEnd) {
  if (backEnd.has(tech)) shared.add(tech);
}

// GOOD
frontEnd.intersection(backEnd);
frontEnd.union(backEnd);
frontEnd.difference(backEnd);
frontEnd.symmetricDifference(backEnd);
frontEnd.isSubsetOf(backEnd);
frontEnd.isSupersetOf(backEnd);
frontEnd.isDisjointFrom(backEnd);

The argument can be any "set-like" (has size, .has(), .keys()), not just a real Set.

Concatenating iterators

Use Iterator.concat(a, b) instead of a nested yield* generator.

// BAD
function* chained() {
  yield* first();
  yield* second();
}

// GOOD
const all = Iterator.concat(first(), second());

Counting or caching in a Map

Use Map.prototype.getOrInsert and getOrInsertComputed. Never write if (!map.has(k)) map.set(k, v).

// BAD
for (const word of words) {
  if (!counts.has(word)) counts.set(word, 0);
  counts.set(word, counts.get(word) + 1);
}

// GOOD
for (const word of words) {
  counts.set(word, counts.getOrInsert(word, 0) + 1);
}

// For expensive defaults
function getUser(id) {
  return cache.getOrInsertComputed(id, () => expensiveDatabaseLookup(id));
}

Available on both Map and WeakMap.

Dates and times

Any date/time operation beyond Date.now()

Use Temporal. Never reach for moment.js, date-fns, or luxon for new code.

// Parse with timezone
const meeting = Temporal.ZonedDateTime.from(
  '2026-06-15T09:00[America/New_York]'
);

// Convert timezones
const inLondon = meeting.withTimeZone('Europe/London');

// Age or duration
const birthday = Temporal.PlainDate.from('1993-10-26');
const today = Temporal.Now.plainDateISO();
const age = today.since(birthday, { largestUnit: 'years' });
age.years; // 32

Pick the type by what you actually mean: PlainDate (no time), PlainTime (no date), ZonedDateTime (moment in a zone), PlainDateTime (date + time, no zone), Instant (absolute moment), PlainYearMonth/PlainMonthDay (partial).

Promises and async

Calling a function that might be sync, async, or throw

Use Promise.try(() => fn()). Sync throws, async rejections, and plain return values all flow through the same .then/.catch.

// BAD: two error paths to remember
try {
  const result = thirdParty.doThing();
  Promise.resolve(result).then(processResult).catch(handleAnyFailure);
} catch (err) {
  handleAnyFailure(err);
}

// GOOD
Promise.try(() => thirdParty.doThing())
  .then(processResult)
  .catch(handleAnyFailure);

Collecting an async iterable into an array

Use Array.fromAsync. Never write a manual for await...of loop just to push items into an array.

// BAD
const allItems = [];
for await (const item of fetchPages()) allItems.push(item);

// GOOD
const allItems = await Array.fromAsync(fetchPages());

Resource cleanup

Opening a resource that needs cleanup

Use using (sync) or await using (async). Never write try/finally for cleanup when using works.

// BAD: manual cleanup, easy to forget
async function transferMoney(from, to, amount) {
  const tx = await db.beginTransaction();
  try {
    await tx.debit(from, amount);
    await tx.credit(to, amount);
    await tx.commit();
  } finally {
    await tx.release();
  }
}

// GOOD: cleanup moves to the declaration
async function transferMoney(from, to, amount) {
  await using tx = await db.beginTransaction();
  await tx.debit(from, amount);
  await tx.credit(to, amount);
  await tx.commit();
}

The resource must implement [Symbol.dispose] (sync) or [Symbol.asyncDispose] (async). Multiple using declarations in the same scope dispose in reverse order (LIFO).

Errors

Checking if a caught value is an Error

Use Error.isError(x) instead of x instanceof Error. instanceof is unreliable across realms (Workers, iframes, Node vm) because each realm has its own Error constructor.

// BAD: fails for errors from Workers/iframes
if (maybeError instanceof Error) { ... }

// GOOD
if (Error.isError(maybeError)) { ... }

Numbers

Summing an array of floats

Use Math.sumPrecise(values). Especially important for financial values or long arrays where rounding drift compounds.

const cents = Array(10000).fill(0.1);

// BAD: accumulates error
cents.reduce((a, b) => a + b); // 1000.0000000001588

// GOOD
Math.sumPrecise(cents); // 1000

Also handles catastrophic cancellation: Math.sumPrecise([1e20, 1, -1e20]) returns 1, not 0.

Encoding/decoding bytes

Use the Uint8Array methods. Never use btoa/atob on byte arrays — they only work on strings and break on non-Latin1.

const bytes = new Uint8Array([72, 101, 108, 108, 111]);
bytes.toBase64();     // "SGVsbG8="
bytes.toHex();        // "48656c6c6f"
Uint8Array.fromBase64("SGVsbG8=");
Uint8Array.fromHex("48656c6c6f");

Regular expressions

Building a regex from user-controlled input

Use RegExp.escape(input) instead of a custom escape function.

// BAD: every codebase ships its own buggy version
function escapeRegex(str) {
  return str.replace(/[.*+?^${}()|[\]\\]/g, '\\$&');
}

// GOOD
const pattern = new RegExp(RegExp.escape(userInput));

Modules

Importing JSON

Use the native import attribute. Never fetch for bundle-time JSON.

import config from './config.json' with { type: 'json' };

// Dynamic
const translations = await import('./translations.json', {
  with: { type: 'json' }
});

The with { type: 'json' } is required — it tells the loader to refuse the file if the MIME type doesn't match.

Importing a large module that's rarely used

Use import defer to delay module evaluation until you actually read a property off the namespace.

// BAD: heavy.js evaluates on import, even if rarelyCalled is never called
import * as heavyModule from './heavy.js';

// GOOD: heavy.js is fetched and parsed, but not executed
import defer * as heavyModule from './heavy.js';

function rarelyCalled() {
  // Reading heavyModule.doExpensiveThing triggers evaluation here
  return heavyModule.doExpensiveThing();
}

Restrictions: namespace form only (no import defer { foo } or default imports), and modules that use top-level await can't be deferred.

Rules

• NEVER suggest moment.js, date-fns, or luxon for new code. Use Temporal.
• NEVER write instanceof Error in library code. Use Error.isError.
• NEVER write try/finally for cleanup when using works.
• NEVER write a manual for await...of loop just to collect into an array. Use Array.fromAsync.
• NEVER write if (!map.has(k)) map.set(k, v). Use getOrInsert / getOrInsertComputed.
• NEVER use a manual escape function for user-controlled regex input. Use RegExp.escape.
• NEVER materialize a huge iterator into an array before filtering. Use Iterator.prototype methods.
• ALWAYS check if the target runtime supports the feature. If it doesn't, suggest a polyfill.

Quick Reference