Dcf

Build a discounted cash flow (DCF) valuation for the company named in the user's request. If no ticker or company is provided, ask for one before proceeding.

Before starting, read ../data-access.md for data access methods and ../design-system.md for formatting conventions. Follow the data access detection logic and design system throughout this skill.

Follow these steps:

1. Company Lookup

Look up the company by ticker using discover_companies. Capture:

• company_id
• latest_calendar_quarter — anchor for all period calculations below (see ../data-access.md Section 1.5)
• latest_fiscal_quarter
• Firm name for report attribution (default: "Daloopa") — see ../data-access.md Section 4.5

2. Market Data

Get market-side inputs for {TICKER} (see ../data-access.md Section 2 for how to source market data in your environment):

• Current price, market cap, shares outstanding, beta
• 10Y Treasury yield (risk-free rate for WACC)

If market data is unavailable, use reasonable defaults: beta=1.0, risk-free rate=4.5%, and note the assumptions.

3. Historical Financials from Daloopa

Calculate 8 quarters backward from latest_calendar_quarter. Pull:

• Revenue
• Operating Income
• Net Income
• Diluted EPS
• Operating Cash Flow
• Capital Expenditures
• Free Cash Flow (compute as OCF - CapEx, label "(calc.)")
• Depreciation & Amortization
• Tax expense and pre-tax income (for effective tax rate)
• Interest expense (for cost of debt)
• Total debt (short + long term)
• Cash and equivalents
• Shares outstanding

Also pull segment revenue and any available guidance series.

4. Calculate WACC

Cost of Equity (CAPM):

• Risk-free rate (Rf) = 10Y Treasury from market data
• Equity risk premium (ERP) = 5.5% (standard assumption)
• Beta from market data (or 1.0 default)
• Cost of equity = Rf + Beta × ERP

Cost of Debt:

• If interest expense and total debt available: Cost of debt = Interest Expense / Average Total Debt
• After-tax cost of debt = Cost of debt × (1 - effective tax rate)
• If not available, use 5.0% pre-tax as default

Capital Structure:

• Market cap for equity weight
• Total debt for debt weight
• WACC = (E/V) × Re + (D/V) × Rd × (1-t)

Show all inputs and the resulting WACC clearly.

5a. KPI-Driven Revenue Build (Preferred)

Before projecting top-down, attempt a bottoms-up revenue build using operational KPIs. This produces a significantly more defensible DCF — a top-down trend decay is a guess; a bottoms-up KPI build is analysis.

Discover segment and KPI data: Pull segment revenue breakdown + segment-specific KPIs for the target company. Use the sector taxonomy to know what to search for:

• SaaS/Cloud: ARR, net revenue retention, RPO/cRPO, customers >$100K, cloud gross margin
• Consumer Tech: DAU/MAU, ARPU, engagement metrics, installed base, paid subscribers
• E-commerce/Marketplace: GMV, take rate, active buyers/sellers, order frequency
• Retail: same-store sales, store count, average ticket, transactions
• Telecom/Media: subscribers, churn, ARPU, content spend
• Hardware: units shipped, ASP, attach rate, installed base
• Financial Services: AUM, NIM, loan growth, credit quality metrics, fee income ratio
• Pharma/Biotech: pipeline stage, patient starts, scripts, market share
• Industrials/Energy: backlog, book-to-bill, utilization, production volumes, reserves

Build bottoms-up projections per segment: For each segment with KPI data, project revenue using unit economics:

• Hardware segments: projected units × projected ASP
• Subscription segments: projected subscribers × projected ARPU (net of churn)
• Marketplace segments: projected GMV × projected take rate
• Services/recurring: apply growth rate informed by retention metrics and customer adds

Sum segment projections to get total revenue for each of 5 years. Show the build clearly so the reader can challenge individual segment assumptions.

Fall back to top-down if KPIs aren't available. If segment KPIs are sparse or unavailable, use the top-down approach in Section 5b instead, but note explicitly that the model is less reliable without bottoms-up drivers.

5b. Top-Down FCF Projections (Fallback)

Build 5-year FCF projections. If a projection engine is available (see ../data-access.md Section 5), use it. Otherwise, project manually:

• Revenue: Use management guidance for near-term, then decay toward 3% long-term growth
• FCF Margin: Use trailing average, adjust for any clear trends
• FCF = Projected Revenue × Projected FCF Margin

Show all assumptions clearly — this is the most judgment-intensive part. If using this fallback instead of the KPI-driven build (Section 5a), note the limitation.

6. Terminal Value

Calculate terminal value using perpetuity growth method:

• Terminal FCF = Year 5 FCF × (1 + terminal growth rate)
• Terminal Value = Terminal FCF / (WACC - terminal growth rate)
• Default terminal growth rate: 2.5-3.0% (should not exceed long-term GDP growth)
• Discount terminal value to present

7. Compute Implied Valuation

• Sum of PV of projected FCFs + PV of terminal value = Enterprise Value
• Equity Value = Enterprise Value - Net Debt
• Implied Share Price = Equity Value / Shares Outstanding
• Compare to current market price: upside/downside %

Also compute:

• Implied EV/EBITDA (Enterprise Value / Trailing EBITDA)
• Implied P/E (Equity Value / Trailing Net Income)
• Terminal value as % of total value (flag if > 80% — this means the DCF is very sensitive to terminal assumptions)

8. Sensitivity Analysis

Build a sensitivity table varying two key inputs:

WACC (rows): Base WACC ± 2% in 0.5% increments (7 rows) Terminal Growth Rate (columns): 1.5% to 4.0% in 0.5% increments (6 columns)

Each cell = implied share price at that WACC/growth combination. Highlight the base case cell and the current market price for reference.

Also show a secondary sensitivity: Revenue Growth vs FCF Margin if data supports it.

9. Consensus Sanity Check (if available)

If consensus estimates are available (see ../data-access.md Section 3):

• Compare your projected revenue/EPS path to consensus for the next 1-2 years
• Note where your DCF assumptions diverge from Street expectations
• If your implied price is significantly above/below consensus target, explain why

If consensus data is not available, skip this check.

10. Sanity Checks & Self-Challenge

Flag any issues:

• If implied price is >2x or <0.5x current price, note that the DCF produces an extreme result and examine assumptions
• If terminal value is >85% of total value, the model is highly sensitive to terminal assumptions
• If WACC < risk-free rate or > 15%, the capital structure inputs may be off
• Compare implied multiples to historical trading range

Challenge your own assumptions — don't anchor to the current price:

• Build the DCF from fundamentals first, THEN compare to market price. Don't work backwards from the current price to justify assumptions.
• If your base case revenue growth assumes continuation of recent trends, stress-test: what if growth mean-reverts to the industry average? What if the current cycle peaks?
• Explicitly state what has to go right for the bull case implied price and what has to go wrong for the bear case.
• If the DCF only "works" with aggressive terminal growth or unrealistically low WACC, say so — the stock may simply be expensive on fundamentals.

11. Save Report

Save to reports/{TICKER}_dcf.html using the HTML report template from ../design-system.md. Write the full analysis as styled HTML with the design system CSS inlined. This is the final deliverable — no intermediate markdown step needed.

Structure the report with these sections:

<h1>{Company Name} ({TICKER}) — DCF Valuation</h1>
<p>Generated: {date}</p>

<h2>Summary</h2>
<table>
| Metric | Value |
| Current Price | $XXX |
| Implied Share Price | $XXX |
| Upside / Downside | +X.X% / -X.X% |
| WACC | X.X% |
| Terminal Growth | X.X% |
| Terminal Value % of Total | XX% |
</table>

<h2>WACC Calculation</h2>
<table>
| Component | Value | Source |
| Risk-Free Rate | X.X% | FRED 10Y Treasury |
| Equity Risk Premium | 5.5% | Standard assumption |
| Beta | X.XX | Market data |
| Cost of Equity | X.X% | CAPM |
| Cost of Debt (after-tax) | X.X% | Interest/Debt × (1-t) |
| Equity Weight | XX% | Market cap |
| Debt Weight | XX% | Total debt |
| **WACC** | **X.X%** | |
</table>

<h2>Historical Free Cash Flow (8 Quarters)</h2>
<table>
| Metric | Q1 | Q2 | ... | Q8 |
{OCF, CapEx, FCF, FCF Margin — with Daloopa citations}
</table>

<h2>FCF Projections (5 Years)</h2>
<table>
| Metric | Year 1 | Year 2 | Year 3 | Year 4 | Year 5 |
{Revenue, FCF Margin, FCF — with assumptions noted}
</table>

<h2>Valuation Bridge</h2>
<table>
| Component | Value |
| PV of Projected FCFs | $XXX |
| PV of Terminal Value | $XXX |
| Enterprise Value | $XXX |
| Less: Net Debt | ($XXX) |
| Equity Value | $XXX |
| Shares Outstanding | XXX |
| **Implied Share Price** | **$XXX** |
</table>

<h2>Sensitivity Table: WACC vs Terminal Growth</h2>
<table>
| WACC \ Growth | 1.5% | 2.0% | 2.5% | 3.0% | 3.5% | 4.0% |
{matrix of implied share prices, base case bolded}
</table>
<p>Current market price: $XXX for reference.</p>

<h2>Key Assumptions & Risks</h2>
<ul>{List all key assumptions and what could invalidate them}</ul>

<h2>Sanity Checks</h2>
<ul>{Implied multiples vs historical, terminal value concentration, etc.}</ul>

All financial figures must use Daloopa citation format: <a href="https://daloopa.com/src/{fundamental_id}">$X.XX million</a>

Tell the user where the HTML report was saved.

Summarize: implied price vs current price, key upside/downside drivers, and the biggest sensitivity.