Ffmpeg Hdr Color

FFmpeg HDR / Color

Context: $ARGUMENTS

Quick start

• HDR10 → SDR (safe, works everywhere): → Step 2 (tonemap) + Step 3 + Step 4
• HDR10 → SDR (best quality, Vulkan): → Step 2 (libplacebo) + Step 3 + Step 4
• HLG → SDR: → Step 3 (HLG recipe)
• BT.2020 → BT.709 (SDR-only primaries fix): → Step 3 (zscale primaries)
• Detect what kind of HDR a file is: → Step 1
• Make sure the output is tagged correctly: → Step 4

When to use

• Source is HDR10, HDR10+, HLG, or Dolby Vision and you need an SDR deliverable.
• Colors look washed out, too dark, or neon after transcoding an HDR file.
• Target player assumes BT.709 and you have BT.2020-tagged content.
• Mobile/web/social targets require SDR + Rec.709.
• You need to burn in correct color tags so downstream tools don't mis-interpret.

Step 1 — Detect the HDR type via ffprobe

Inspect color_transfer, color_primaries, color_space, and side_data_list of the video stream.

ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 \
  -show_entries stream=color_space,color_transfer,color_primaries,color_range:stream_side_data=+ \
  -of json input.mkv

Decision map:

Or use the helper: uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py detect --input input.mkv.

Step 2 — Pick the tone-map path

• tonemap filter (CPU, zimg): safe default, works on any ffmpeg built with --enable-libzimg. Requires floating-point linear-light input (the zscale=t=linear,format=gbrpf32le sandwich — see Gotchas). Operators: hable (default, recommended), mobius, reinhard, gamma, clip, linear.
• libplacebo filter (Vulkan, higher quality): better roll-off, built-in debanding, peak detection. Requires -init_hw_device vulkan and ffmpeg built with --enable-libplacebo --enable-vulkan. On Apple Silicon most Homebrew ffmpeg builds lack Vulkan — fall back to tonemap.
• colorspace filter: does matrix/primaries/trc conversion but not real HDR tone-mapping. Use for BT.2020-SDR → BT.709-SDR, not for PQ/HLG → SDR.

Check availability:

ffmpeg -hide_banner -filters | grep -E "zscale|tonemap|libplacebo|colorspace"

Step 3 — Build the full filter chain

HDR10 → SDR (tonemap, CPU, works everywhere)

ffmpeg -i hdr.mkv \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709,tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 19 -preset medium \
  -c:a copy \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  out.mp4

HDR10 → SDR (libplacebo, highest quality)

ffmpeg -init_hw_device vulkan \
  -i hdr.mkv \
  -vf "format=yuv420p10le,hwupload,libplacebo=tonemapping=bt.2390:colorspace=bt709:color_primaries=bt709:color_trc=bt709:format=yuv420p,hwdownload,format=yuv420p" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset medium \
  -c:a copy \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  out.mp4

HLG → SDR

ffmpeg -i hlg.mkv \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=100:tin=arib-std-b67,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709,tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 19 \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  out.mp4

Dolby Vision profile 5 (single-layer, IPTPQc2)

Profile 5 is PQ-based and can be tone-mapped like HDR10; the DoVi RPU metadata is discarded. Profiles 7 and 8 need a real DV-aware decoder (e.g. dovi_tool/hdr10plus_tool pre-processing) — ffmpeg alone cannot fully resolve enhancement layers.

ffmpeg -i dovi_p5.mkv \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709,tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 19 \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  out.mp4

BT.2020 → BT.709 (SDR-to-SDR primaries only, no tone-mapping)

ffmpeg -i bt2020_sdr.mkv \
  -vf "zscale=primaries=709:transfer=709:matrix=709" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 18 \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  out.mp4

SDR → faux HDR (inverse tone-map; warning: marketing only)

ffmpeg -i sdr.mp4 \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt2020,tonemap=tonemap=linear:param=4,zscale=t=smpte2084:m=bt2020nc:r=tv,format=yuv420p10le" \
  -c:v libx265 -crf 18 -x265-params hdr10=1:colorprim=bt2020:transfer=smpte2084:colormatrix=bt2020nc \
  -color_primaries bt2020 -color_trc smpte2084 -colorspace bt2020nc \
  out.mkv

Real HDR requires real dynamic range; "upconverting" SDR rarely produces a better image.

Step 4 — Set output color tags and verify

Always pass explicit container flags so downstream players don't guess:

-color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv

Verify they stuck:

ffprobe -v error -select_streams v:0 \
  -show_entries stream=color_space,color_transfer,color_primaries,color_range \
  -of default=nw=1 out.mp4

Expected:

color_range=tv
color_space=bt709
color_transfer=bt709
color_primaries=bt709

Available scripts

• scripts/hdrcolor.py — stdlib-only helper. Subcommands: detect, hdr-to-sdr, hlg-to-sdr, bt2020-to-bt709. Supports --dry-run, --verbose, --method {tonemap,libplacebo}, --crf.

uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py detect --input in.mkv
uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py hdr-to-sdr --input in.mkv --output out.mp4 --method tonemap --crf 19
uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py hdr-to-sdr --input in.mkv --output out.mp4 --method libplacebo
uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py hlg-to-sdr --input hlg.mkv --output out.mp4
uv run ${CLAUDE_SKILL_DIR}/scripts/hdrcolor.py bt2020-to-bt709 --input in.mkv --output out.mp4

Reference docs

• Read references/colorspace.md for tone-map operator trade-offs, full zscale / libplacebo / colorspace option catalogs, HDR metadata profiles, and primaries/transfer/matrix lookup tables.

Gotchas

• tonemap operates on linear-light, floating-point frames only. You MUST sandwich it: zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le before, and zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p after. Skip the sandwich and you get a black or banded result.
• npl=100 is nominal peak luminance (cd/m²) — usual reference for SDR targets. Raise to 200–400 for brighter-looking output; lower clips highlights.
• tonemap=desat=0 preserves saturation. Values 1.0–2.0 progressively desaturate highlights; 2.0 mangles skin tones.
• libplacebo requires -init_hw_device vulkan before -i. Also needs hwupload before and hwdownload,format=yuv420p after in the filter chain.
• On Apple Silicon most Homebrew ffmpeg builds have no Vulkan — libplacebo will error with "No such filter". Use the tonemap recipe instead.
• Dolby Vision profile 5 is single-layer PQ; tone-map as HDR10 and the RPU metadata is silently dropped. Profiles 7/8 have an enhancement layer — ffmpeg can decode the base layer but the EL is discarded, so output is darker/flatter than a true DV-aware pipeline (use dovi_tool to strip/convert the RPU first).
• HDR10+ dynamic metadata (SMPTE ST 2094-40) is discarded by both tonemap and libplacebo. That is expected when the output is SDR.
• Skipping -color_primaries/-color_trc/-colorspace on the output tags the file with unspecified flags; some players (QuickTime, Chrome on macOS) then assume BT.709 and display your still-HDR pixels as neon garbage, or display your tone-mapped pixels as washed-out.
• zscale comes from zimg. Check with ffmpeg -filters | grep zscale; if absent, ffmpeg wasn't built with --enable-libzimg — rebuild or use Homebrew's ffmpeg with --with-libzimg, or fall back to colorspace + format for SDR-only conversions.
• Tone-mapping cannot be done with stream copy. You must re-encode video. Audio can still -c:a copy.
• Lowercase/uppercase mismatch: output-flag -colorspace bt709 vs zscale m=bt709 vs colorspace=bt709 inside libplacebo — same concept, three syntaxes, easy to cross-wire.
• Tone-map operators: hable (default, safe, filmic), mobius (softer roll-off), reinhard (flatter, often crushed blacks), clip (hard cutoff — banding), linear (scales only, no roll-off), gamma (simple power curve). Default to hable.
• HLG input needs zscale=tin=arib-std-b67 (or t=arib-std-b67 before linearization). Forgetting it treats HLG code values as PQ and produces a dark, wrong-gamma picture.
• Setting -color_range tv vs pc matters: most broadcast/streaming is tv (limited, 16–235). Tagging pc when the pixels are tv crushes blacks and blows highlights.

Examples

Example 1: 4K HDR10 Blu-ray rip → 1080p SDR MP4 for phones

ffmpeg -i hdr10_2160p.mkv \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709,tonemap=tonemap=hable:desat=0,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p,scale=1920:1080:flags=lanczos" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 20 -preset slow -profile:v high -level 4.1 \
  -c:a aac -b:a 192k \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  -movflags +faststart \
  phone_sdr_1080p.mp4

Example 2: BBC HLG broadcast archive → Rec.709 SDR proxy

ffmpeg -i bbc_hlg.mxf \
  -vf "zscale=t=linear:npl=200:tin=arib-std-b67,format=gbrpf32le,zscale=p=bt709,tonemap=tonemap=mobius:desat=0.5,zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 18 -preset medium \
  -c:a copy \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  proxy.mp4

Example 3: BT.2020 SDR source (no PQ/HLG) → BT.709 SDR

ffmpeg -i bt2020_sdr.mov \
  -vf "zscale=primaries=709:transfer=709:matrix=709" \
  -c:v libx264 -crf 17 \
  -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv \
  rec709.mp4

Troubleshooting

Error: No such filter: 'zscale'

Cause: ffmpeg built without zimg. Solution: brew reinstall ffmpeg (Homebrew includes zimg); or build ffmpeg with --enable-libzimg. As a workaround, colorspace=all=bt709:iall=bt2020ncl:fast=1 can do BT.2020-SDR → BT.709-SDR but cannot tone-map.

Error: Impossible to convert between the formats supported by the filter 'Parsed_tonemap_0' and the filter 'auto_scaler_0'

Cause: tonemap received non-float pixels. Solution: Prepend zscale=t=linear:npl=100,format=gbrpf32le and append zscale=t=bt709:m=bt709:r=tv,format=yuv420p.

Error: No such filter: 'libplacebo' or Failed to initialize Vulkan

Cause: ffmpeg built without libplacebo/Vulkan (common on macOS Homebrew). Solution: Use the tonemap recipe instead. Check with ffmpeg -filters | grep libplacebo and ffmpeg -init_hw_device list.

Output looks dark / washed out / banded

Cause: Missing output color tags, wrong npl, or desat too high. Solution: Add -color_primaries bt709 -color_trc bt709 -colorspace bt709 -color_range tv; try npl=150 or npl=200; set desat=0.

Output still looks like HDR on the target player

Cause: Tone-map chain not actually in the graph (e.g. -c:v copy used) or output tagged as BT.2020/PQ. Solution: Confirm re-encode is happening (not -c copy); re-verify with ffprobe per Step 4.

Dolby Vision file plays dark/flat even after tone-mapping

Cause: DV profile 7/8 enhancement layer discarded by ffmpeg. Solution: Pre-process with dovi_tool (strip RPU to profile 8.1 single-track, or demux BL only), then run the HDR10 recipe.