Run Benchmarks

Benchmark Skill

This skill measures the performance impact of code changes by running the appropriate benchmark scenarios. It uses scripts/run-benchmarks to discover relevant scenarios from changed files and wraps scripts/perf-run-scenario for execution. Use scripts/perf-analyze to analyze saved artifacts after a run.

When NOT to Use This Skill

Skip benchmarks when:

• The change is documentation-only, comment-only, or test-only
• The change is limited to CI config, linting rules, or dev tooling
• scripts/run-benchmarks --list returns no matching suites
• You already ran benchmarks for this change and the code hasn't changed since

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Modifying performance-sensitive code (span creation, tracing hot paths, encoding, propagation)
• Changing C/Cython/Rust code (native extensions, src/native/, .pyx, .rs files)
• A reviewer asks "what's the performance impact?"
• Optimizing or refactoring code that runs in production hot paths
• Changes touch ddtrace/_trace/, ddtrace/internal/encoding*, ddtrace/internal/writer/, or framework integrations

Key Principles

1. Always use scripts/run-benchmarks — never invoke scripts/perf-run-scenario directly
2. Always save artifacts — pass --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/ so results persist for analysis
3. Use --list first — discover matching suites before running anything
4. Use --dry-run — verify the command before committing to a long Docker build
5. Start with 1-2 scenarios — benchmarks take minutes; target the most relevant ones
6. Use --configs to filter — run 1-2 configs during iteration; run all configs for final results
7. Benchmarks require Docker — confirm Docker is running before executing
8. Artifacts auto-resolve to latest run — scripts/perf-analyze artifacts/ always analyzes the most recent run. If you run multiple scenarios sequentially, each gets its own run ID; pass artifacts/<run-id>/ to target a specific one

How This Skill Works

Step 1: Identify Changed Files

git status

Step 2: Discover Matching Benchmark Suites

scripts/run-benchmarks --list ddtrace/_trace/span.py ddtrace/internal/encoding.py

This outputs JSON showing which scenarios match, their config variants, and CPUs per run.

For all suites:

scripts/run-benchmarks --list --all-suites

Step 3: Select Scenarios to Run

Core Tracing Changes

When modifying ddtrace/_trace/*, ddtrace/trace/*, ddtrace/internal/sampling.py:

• Primary: span — measures span creation/finishing overhead
• Secondary: tracer — measures tracer-level operations

Encoding / Writer Changes

ddtrace/internal/encoding*, ddtrace/internal/writer/*:

• Primary: encoder — directly measures encoding throughput

HTTP Propagation Changes

ddtrace/propagation/*:

• Primary: http_propagation_extract, http_propagation_inject

Flask Integration Changes

ddtrace/contrib/internal/flask/*:

• Primary: flask_simple

Django Integration Changes

ddtrace/contrib/internal/django/*:

• Primary: django_simple

IAST / AppSec Changes

ddtrace/appsec/iast/*, ddtrace/appsec/*:

• Primary: The specific appsec_iast_* scenario matching your change

OTel Changes

ddtrace/opentelemetry/*:

• Primary: otel_span, otel_sdk_span

Native Code (C/Rust/Cython)

src/native/*.rs, ddtrace/internal/native/*:

• Primary: rand (for rand.rs), span/tracer for general span changes

Startup / Bootstrap Changes

ddtrace/bootstrap/*, ddtrace/auto.py:

• Primary: startup

Step 4: Execute Selected Scenarios

Always save artifacts so you can re-analyze without re-running:

# Dry-run first
scripts/run-benchmarks --dry-run --scenario span --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

# Run the benchmark (latest PyPI vs local)
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Iterate faster with specific configs:

# Only 2 of 13 configs
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start,start-finish --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Collect profiling data (when you need to understand why results differ):

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start-finish --profile --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Note: --profile uses viztracer and generates ~700MB files per config variant. Use with --configs to limit scope.

--configs with multiple scenarios: --configs applies the same filter to every scenario. Only pass configs that are valid for all scenarios you're running; mismatches are silently skipped. When running scenarios with different config names, run them in separate invocations.

Run multiple scenarios under the same run ID:

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --scenario tracer --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Add a scenario to a previous run (reuse its artifact directory):

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario tracer --run-id <previous-run-id> --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Specify an explicit baseline version:

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --baseline ddtrace==2.8.4 --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Step 5: Analyze Results

Quick summary (latest run):

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/

Analyze a specific run ID:

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/<run-id>/

JSON output for programmatic use:

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --json

Viztracer: top functions by time spent (ddtrace hot paths only):

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --profile-top 20 --filter ddtrace --min-calls 1000

Viztracer: diff between baseline and candidate (shows regressions and improvements):

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --profile-compare --filter ddtrace --min-calls 1000

Sort by cumtime instead of tottime (cumtime = inclusive of subcalls):

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --profile-compare --sort cumtime

Save .prof files for interactive pstats analysis:

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --profile-compare --save-pstats
python -m pstats benchmark-artifacts/<run-id>/span/baseline/viztracer/start-finish.prof

Markdown table for PR comments:

scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --markdown

Understanding --profile-compare output columns:

• B/C calls: Invocation count in baseline/candidate. Large differences mean a code path changed, not just got slower.
• B/C tottime/call: Exclusive time per call (not counting subcalls). The primary metric — this is where the regression lives.
• Delta: Absolute change in per-call time. Positive = regression, negative = improvement.
• %: Relative change. Ignore large % with small absolute delta (low-call-count noise).

Focus on functions with both large absolute delta AND high call count — those dominate wall time.

Step 6: Interpret Results

The summary table shows:

Scenario: span
======================================================================

  start-finish:
    baseline:  2.72 ms +/- 28.28 us
    candidate: 3.03 ms +/- 54.18 us
    change:    +11.21% (1.11x slower) [11.2% slower]

Interpreting changes:

• < 2% difference: Not significant — within measurement noise
• 2–5% change: Small — mention it; generally acceptable for non-hot-path changes
• 5–10% improvement: Noteworthy — highlight in PR description
• > 10% improvement: Significant win — definitely highlight
• Any regression > 2%: Investigate before merging
• > 5% regression: Blocking — must be addressed or justified

Statistical note: The ±stddev tells you about measurement stability. If the candidate's stddev overlaps with the baseline's mean, the result may not be reproducible. Wide stddev on the candidate but not the baseline can indicate the change introduced a new overhead with high variance (e.g., dict lookups that vary by key hash, GC pressure, lock contention).

Profiling analysis: The --profile-compare output shows which functions changed in total time between baseline and candidate. Look for ddtrace internal functions in the regression list — those point directly to what got slower.

Examples

Example 1: Optimizing Span Creation

scripts/run-benchmarks --list ddtrace/_trace/span.py
# Shows: span, tracer, core_api, ...

scripts/run-benchmarks --dry-run --scenario span --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

# Quick iteration (2 configs)
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start,start-finish --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/
# Run ID printed to stderr — note it for reuse
scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/

# Once satisfied, full run for PR (add tracer to the same run)
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --scenario tracer --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/
scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --json

Example 2: Investigating a Regression with Profiling

When the summary shows a regression and you need to understand why:

# First get the numbers
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start-finish --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/
scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/
# -> shows +11% regression

# Collect profiling to see where time went
scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start-finish --profile --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/
scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/ --profile-compare
# -> shows which functions regressed

Example 3: Flask Integration Change

scripts/run-benchmarks --list ddtrace/contrib/internal/flask/patch.py
# Shows: flask_simple, flask_sqli, fork_time, startup

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario flask_simple --configs tracer,baseline --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/
scripts/perf-analyze benchmark-artifacts/

Troubleshooting

Docker not running

Start Docker Desktop and retry.

Build takes a long time

The first run builds a Docker image including the full ddtrace wheel (Rust/Cython compilation). This is expected and necessary for accurate comparison against PyPI wheels (both are compiled with full optimizations). Subsequent runs reuse Docker layer cache if the source hasn't changed significantly.

Note: DD_FAST_BUILD is intentionally not set when running benchmarks, because fast builds use -O0 / disabled LTO which would make local builds slower than release wheels, skewing results.

Results are noisy

Microbenchmarks on a developer laptop can be noisy due to background processes, thermal throttling, etc. For more reliable results:

• Close other applications
• Run multiple times and compare
• CI benchmarks run with CPU affinity on dedicated hardware for more stable results

Scenario not in suitespec

Some scenarios exist in benchmarks/ but aren't in suitespec.yml (e.g., encoder, threading). Run them directly with --scenario:

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario encoder --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Viztracer files are huge

Viztracer generates ~700MB files per config per version. Use --configs to limit to the specific config that shows the regression:

scripts/run-benchmarks --scenario span --configs start-finish --profile --artifacts ./benchmark-artifacts/

Profile comparison shows venv paths as different functions

This is automatically handled — scripts/perf-analyze normalizes .venv_ddtrace_v1 and .venv_ddtrace_v2 to a canonical path before comparison.

Technical Details

How suite discovery works

tests/suitespec.py collects suitespecs from both tests/ and benchmarks/ directories. Benchmark suites are namespaced as benchmarks::span, etc. scripts/run-benchmarks filters to benchmarks::* suites and strips the prefix to get the scenario name.

Artifacts structure

benchmark-artifacts/
  <run-id>/                    # UUID generated per docker run
    <scenario>/
      baseline/
        results.<config>.json  # pyperf result JSON
        viztracer/             # only if --profile
          <config>.json        # Chrome Trace format (~700MB)
      candidate/
        results.<config>.json
        viztracer/
          <config>.json

scripts/perf-analyze artifacts/ always picks the most recently modified run-id. Pass artifacts/<run-id>/ to target a specific run.

Why no DD_FAST_BUILD

DD_FAST_BUILD=1 compiles with -O0, disables Rust LTO, reduces opt-level from 3 to 2, and skips Abseil — making builds faster but ~20–50% slower at runtime. Since benchmarks compare local builds against PyPI release wheels (compiled with full optimizations), using DD_FAST_BUILD would make the candidate artificially slower and skew results.

Available scenarios

Use scripts/run-benchmarks --list --all-suites for the canonical up-to-date list. As a quick reference snapshot (may go stale):

Tracked in suitespec: span, tracer, core_api, set_http_meta, telemetry_add_metric, otel_span, otel_sdk_span, recursive_computation, sampling_rule_matches, http_propagation_extract, http_propagation_inject, rate_limiter, appsec_iast_aspects, appsec_iast_aspects_ospath, appsec_iast_aspects_re_module, appsec_iast_aspects_split, appsec_iast_propagation, packages_package_for_root_module_mapping, packages_update_imported_dependencies, fork_time, django_simple, flask_simple, flask_sqli, errortracking_django_simple, errortracking_flask_sqli, startup, code_provenance, rand

Untracked (use --scenario directly): encoder, threading, coverage_fibonacci, events_api, iast_ast_patching, appsec_iast_django_startup