API Design

Good API design makes the right thing easy and the wrong thing hard. This skill helps you create APIs that are a pleasure to use and maintain.

HTTP methods: GET (read), POST (create), PUT (replace), PATCH (update), DELETE (remove)

Status codes: 200 OK, 201 Created, 204 No Content, 400 Bad Request, 401 Unauthorized, 403 Forbidden, 404 Not Found, 429 Rate Limited

Pagination: Prefer cursor-based for real-time data; use ?limit=20&cursor=xxx

Versioning: URL path (/api/v1/) is clearest approach

1. Consistency - Same patterns everywhere (naming, errors, pagination)
2. Predictability - Developers can guess how things work
3. Simplicity - Easy cases should be easy, complex cases possible
4. Backwards compatibility - Don't break existing clients
5. Self-documenting - Clear naming, helpful error messages

Resource Naming

# GOOD: Nouns, plural, lowercase, hyphenated
GET    /users
GET    /users/{id}
GET    /users/{id}/posts
GET    /blog-posts
GET    /api/v1/user-preferences

# BAD: Verbs, singular, mixed case, underscores
GET    /getUser
GET    /user/{id}
GET    /User/{id}/getPosts
GET    /blog_posts

HTTP Methods

*PATCH is idempotent if you apply the same patch

CRUD Operations

# Collection operations
GET    /users           # List all users
POST   /users           # Create a user

# Single resource operations
GET    /users/{id}      # Get one user
PUT    /users/{id}      # Replace user
PATCH  /users/{id}      # Update user fields
DELETE /users/{id}      # Delete user

# Nested resources
GET    /users/{id}/posts       # User's posts
POST   /users/{id}/posts       # Create post for user
GET    /posts/{id}/comments    # Post's comments

Actions (Non-CRUD Operations)

# When you need actions, use verbs as sub-resources
POST   /users/{id}/activate
POST   /users/{id}/deactivate
POST   /orders/{id}/cancel
POST   /invoices/{id}/send
POST   /auth/login
POST   /auth/logout
POST   /auth/refresh

Status Codes

Consistent Error Format

// Standard error response
interface ErrorResponse {
  error: {
    code: string;           // Machine-readable code
    message: string;        // Human-readable message
    details?: ErrorDetail[]; // Field-level errors
    requestId?: string;     // For support/debugging
  };
}

interface ErrorDetail {
  field: string;
  message: string;
  code: string;
}

Examples

// 400 Bad Request - Validation error
{
  "error": {
    "code": "validation_error",
    "message": "Invalid request parameters",
    "details": [
      { "field": "email", "message": "Invalid email format", "code": "invalid_format" },
      { "field": "age", "message": "Must be at least 13", "code": "min_value" }
    ],
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

// 401 Unauthorized
{
  "error": {
    "code": "unauthorized",
    "message": "Invalid or expired authentication token",
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

// 403 Forbidden
{
  "error": {
    "code": "forbidden",
    "message": "You don't have permission to access this resource",
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

// 404 Not Found
{
  "error": {
    "code": "not_found",
    "message": "User not found",
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

// 429 Rate Limited
{
  "error": {
    "code": "rate_limited",
    "message": "Too many requests. Please retry after 60 seconds",
    "requestId": "req_abc123"
  }
}

Implementation

// Error class
class ApiError extends Error {
  constructor(
    public statusCode: number,
    public code: string,
    message: string,
    public details?: ErrorDetail[]
  ) {
    super(message);
  }
}

// Error handler middleware
function errorHandler(error: Error, req: Request, res: Response) {
  const requestId = req.headers['x-request-id'] || crypto.randomUUID();

  if (error instanceof ApiError) {
    return res.status(error.statusCode).json({
      error: {
        code: error.code,
        message: error.message,
        details: error.details,
        requestId,
      },
    });
  }

  // Log unexpected errors
  logger.error('Unexpected error', { error, requestId });

  // Don't expose internal details
  return res.status(500).json({
    error: {
      code: 'internal_error',
      message: 'An unexpected error occurred',
      requestId,
    },
  });
}

Cursor-Based (Recommended)

// Request
GET /posts?limit=20&cursor=eyJpZCI6MTAwfQ

// Response
{
  "data": [...],
  "pagination": {
    "hasMore": true,
    "nextCursor": "eyJpZCI6MTIwfQ",
    "prevCursor": "eyJpZCI6MTAwfQ"
  }
}

Pros: Consistent results, handles real-time data Cons: Can't jump to page N

Offset-Based

// Request
GET /posts?page=2&limit=20
// or
GET /posts?offset=20&limit=20

// Response
{
  "data": [...],
  "pagination": {
    "page": 2,
    "limit": 20,
    "total": 150,
    "totalPages": 8
  }
}

Pros: Can jump to any page Cons: Inconsistent with real-time data, slow on large tables

Implementation (Cursor)

// Encode/decode cursor
function encodeCursor(data: object): string {
  return Buffer.from(JSON.stringify(data)).toString('base64url');
}

function decodeCursor(cursor: string): object {
  return JSON.parse(Buffer.from(cursor, 'base64url').toString());
}

// Query with cursor
async function getPosts(limit: number, cursor?: string) {
  const where: any = {};

  if (cursor) {
    const { id } = decodeCursor(cursor);
    where.id = { lt: id };
  }

  const posts = await db.post.findMany({
    where,
    orderBy: { id: 'desc' },
    take: limit + 1, // Fetch one extra to check hasMore
  });

  const hasMore = posts.length > limit;
  const data = hasMore ? posts.slice(0, -1) : posts;

  return {
    data,
    pagination: {
      hasMore,
      nextCursor: hasMore ? encodeCursor({ id: data[data.length - 1].id }) : null,
    },
  };
}

Query Parameters

# Simple filters
GET /users?status=active
GET /users?role=admin&status=active

# Range filters
GET /orders?created_after=2024-01-01
GET /orders?total_min=100&total_max=500

# Search
GET /products?search=keyboard
GET /products?q=wireless+keyboard

# Sorting
GET /posts?sort=created_at&order=desc
GET /posts?sort=-created_at  # Prefix with - for desc

# Multiple sorts
GET /posts?sort=status,-created_at

# Field selection (sparse fieldsets)
GET /users?fields=id,name,email
GET /users/{id}?include=posts,comments

Implementation

const filterSchema = z.object({
  status: z.enum(['active', 'inactive', 'all']).optional(),
  search: z.string().max(100).optional(),
  created_after: z.coerce.date().optional(),
  created_before: z.coerce.date().optional(),
  sort: z.string().optional(),
  order: z.enum(['asc', 'desc']).default('desc'),
  fields: z.string().optional(),
});

function buildQuery(filters: z.infer<typeof filterSchema>) {
  const where: any = {};

  if (filters.status && filters.status !== 'all') {
    where.status = filters.status;
  }

  if (filters.search) {
    where.OR = [
      { name: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
      { email: { contains: filters.search, mode: 'insensitive' } },
    ];
  }

  if (filters.created_after) {
    where.createdAt = { gte: filters.created_after };
  }

  return where;
}

URL Path Versioning (Recommended)

GET /api/v1/users
GET /api/v2/users

Pros: Clear, easy to understand Cons: More maintenance

Header Versioning

GET /api/users
Accept: application/vnd.api+json; version=2

Pros: Clean URLs Cons: Hidden, harder to test

When to Version

Create a new version when:

• Removing fields from responses
• Changing field types or formats
• Removing endpoints
• Changing authentication

Don't create a new version for:

• Adding new optional fields
• Adding new endpoints
• Adding new optional parameters
• Bug fixes

Headers

X-RateLimit-Limit: 100        # Max requests per window
X-RateLimit-Remaining: 95     # Requests remaining
X-RateLimit-Reset: 1640000000 # Unix timestamp when limit resets
Retry-After: 60               # Seconds until can retry (on 429)

Tiers

Implementation

import { Ratelimit } from '@upstash/ratelimit';

const ratelimit = new Ratelimit({
  redis,
  limiter: Ratelimit.slidingWindow(100, '1 m'),
});

async function rateLimitMiddleware(req: Request) {
  const identifier = req.headers.get('authorization') || req.ip;
  const { success, limit, remaining, reset } = await ratelimit.limit(identifier);

  const headers = {
    'X-RateLimit-Limit': limit.toString(),
    'X-RateLimit-Remaining': remaining.toString(),
    'X-RateLimit-Reset': reset.toString(),
  };

  if (!success) {
    return new Response(
      JSON.stringify({
        error: {
          code: 'rate_limited',
          message: 'Too many requests',
        },
      }),
      {
        status: 429,
        headers: {
          ...headers,
          'Retry-After': Math.ceil((reset - Date.now()) / 1000).toString(),
        },
      }
    );
  }

  return { headers };
}

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