MCP Server Architecture

MCP Server Architecture for OpenAI Apps SDK

Overview

MCP (Model Context Protocol) servers form the backend for ChatGPT apps built with the OpenAI Apps SDK. The server exposes tools that ChatGPT can invoke, handles authentication, and returns structured data that powers both model responses and widget UIs.

Core Architecture

An MCP server for the Apps SDK implements three essential capabilities:

1. List tools - Advertise available tools with JSON Schema contracts
2. Call tools - Execute tool logic and return structured responses
3. Return widgets - Provide UI templates via resource URIs and _meta fields

Data Flow

User prompt → ChatGPT calls MCP tool → Server executes logic →
Returns structuredContent + _meta → ChatGPT renders widget + narrates

Transport Types

The Apps SDK supports two transport protocols:

Streamable HTTP (Recommended)

Primary transport for production deployments. Use for publicly accessible servers.

Python (FastMCP):

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("my-server")

@mcp.tool()
def my_tool(param: str) -> str:
    return f"Result: {param}"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run(transport="streamable-http", host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)

TypeScript:

import { Server } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/index.js";
import { StreamableHTTPServerTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/streamableHttp.js";

const server = new Server({ name: "my-server", version: "1.0.0" }, { capabilities: { tools: {} } });
const transport = new StreamableHTTPServerTransport({ sessionIdGenerator: () => crypto.randomUUID() });

await server.connect(transport);

Server-Sent Events (SSE)

Alternative transport for event-streaming requirements.

Python:

mcp.run(transport="sse", host="0.0.0.0", port=8000)

TypeScript:

import { SSEServerTransport } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/sse.js";
const transport = new SSEServerTransport("/mcp", response);

SDK Setup

Python Setup

Install the MCP Python SDK:

pip install mcp
# Or with FastAPI support
pip install "mcp[fastapi]"

Minimal server structure:

from mcp.server.fastmcp import FastMCP

mcp = FastMCP("server-name")

@mcp.tool()
def example_tool(query: str) -> dict:
    """Tool description for the model."""
    return {"result": query}

@mcp.resource("ui://widget/main.html")
def get_widget() -> str:
    return "<html>...</html>"

if __name__ == "__main__":
    mcp.run(transport="streamable-http", port=8000)

TypeScript Setup

Install the MCP TypeScript SDK:

npm install @modelcontextprotocol/sdk zod

Minimal server structure:

import { Server } from "@modelcontextprotocol/sdk/server/index.js";
import { z } from "zod";

const server = new Server(
  { name: "server-name", version: "1.0.0" },
  { capabilities: { tools: {}, resources: {} } }
);

server.setRequestHandler(ListToolsRequestSchema, async () => ({
  tools: [{
    name: "example_tool",
    description: "Tool description",
    inputSchema: { type: "object", properties: { query: { type: "string" } } }
  }]
}));

server.setRequestHandler(CallToolRequestSchema, async (request) => {
  if (request.params.name === "example_tool") {
    return { content: [{ type: "text", text: "Result" }] };
  }
});

Response Structure

Tool responses include three layers:

Example response:

return {
    "structuredContent": {"status": "success", "count": 42},
    "content": [{"type": "text", "text": "Found 42 items"}],
    "_meta": {
        "items": [...],  # Full data for widget
        "openai/outputTemplate": "ui://widget/list.html"
    }
}

Server Configuration Best Practices

Port and Host

• Use port 8000 by default for local development
• Bind to 0.0.0.0 for container deployments
• Bind to 127.0.0.1 for local-only access

HTTPS Requirements

ChatGPT requires HTTPS for all production MCP servers. Use ngrok during development:

ngrok http 8000

Environment Variables

Store sensitive configuration in environment variables:

import os
API_KEY = os.environ.get("API_KEY")
DATABASE_URL = os.environ.get("DATABASE_URL")

Error Handling

Return structured errors the model can understand:

@mcp.tool()
def safe_tool(param: str) -> dict:
    try:
        result = process(param)
        return {"success": True, "data": result}
    except ValueError as e:
        return {"success": False, "error": str(e)}

Project Structure

Recommended directory layout for MCP server projects:

my-mcp-server/
├── server.py          # or server.ts
├── tools/
│   ├── __init__.py
│   └── my_tool.py
├── widgets/
│   └── main.html
├── requirements.txt   # or package.json
└── .env.example

Additional Resources

Reference Files

For detailed SDK documentation and patterns:

• references/python-sdk.md - Python SDK detailed reference
• references/typescript-sdk.md - TypeScript SDK detailed reference
• references/transport-comparison.md - Transport protocol comparison

Example Files

Working server examples in examples/:

• examples/minimal-server.py - Minimal Python MCP server
• examples/minimal-server.ts - Minimal TypeScript MCP server

Official Documentation

• Apps SDK Docs: https://developers.openai.com/apps-sdk/
• MCP Specification: https://modelcontextprotocol.io/specification/
• Python SDK: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/python-sdk
• TypeScript SDK: https://github.com/modelcontextprotocol/typescript-sdk