Gearcoleco Romhacking

ColecoVision / Super Game Module ROM Hacking with Gearcoleco

Overview

Hack, modify, and translate ColecoVision and Super Game Module ROMs using the Gearcoleco emulator as an MCP server. Search memory for game variables, create cheats, find text strings for translation, locate sprite and tile data, inspect VRAM, patch RAM or ROM bytes in the emulator's in-memory copy, and reverse engineer data structures - all through MCP tool calls. Use save states or rewind as checkpoints and fast forward to reach specific game states. Hardware documentation is available in the references/ directory.

MCP Server Prerequisite

IMPORTANT - Check before installing: Before attempting any installation or configuration, you MUST first verify if the Gearcoleco MCP server is already connected in your current session. In the default mode, call debug_get_status directly. If Gearcoleco was intentionally started with --mcp-router, call get_tool_info with {"name":"debug_get_status"}, then call execute_tool with {"name":"debug_get_status","arguments":{}}. A valid response from either workflow means the server is active and ready.

Only if neither workflow is available or the call fails, you need to help install and configure the Gearcoleco MCP server:

Installing Gearcoleco

Run the bundled install script (macOS/Linux):

bash scripts/install.sh

This installs Gearcoleco via Homebrew on macOS or downloads the latest release on Linux. It prints the binary path on completion. You can also set INSTALL_DIR to control where the binary goes (default: ~/.local/bin).

Alternatively, download from GitHub Releases or install with brew install --cask drhelius/geardome/gearcoleco on macOS.

Connecting as MCP Server

Configure your AI client to run Gearcoleco as an MCP server via STDIO transport. Example for Claude Desktop (~/Library/Application Support/Claude/claude_desktop_config.json):

{
  "mcpServers": {
    "gearcoleco": {
      "command": "/path/to/gearcoleco",
      "args": ["--mcp-stdio"]
    }
  }
}

Replace /path/to/gearcoleco with the actual binary path from the install script. Add --headless before --mcp-stdio on headless machines.

Hardware Documentation (References)

ColecoVision and Super Game Module hardware documentation is available in the references/ directory. Load them into your context when investigating specific hardware, BIOS, memory-map, graphics, sound, or SGM behavior.

Core Technique: Memory Search

Memory search is the primary tool for ROM hacking. It uses a capture -> change -> compare cycle to isolate memory addresses holding game values.

The Search Loop

1. list_memory_areas          -> identify WRAM, SGM RAM, or another area ID
2. memory_search_capture      -> snapshot current memory state
3. (change the value in-game using controller_button, fast forward, etc.)
4. memory_search              -> compare against snapshot to find changed addresses
5. Repeat 2-4 until only a few candidates remain
6. read_memory / write_memory -> verify and modify the found addresses

Search Operators and Types

memory_search supports these operators: <, >, ==, !=, <=, >=

Compare types:

• previous - compare current value to last captured snapshot (most common)
• value - compare current value to a specific number
• address - compare current value to value at another address

Data types: hex, signed, unsigned

Example: Finding the Lives Counter

1. list_memory_areas                                  -> find WRAM area ID
2. memory_search_capture                              -> snapshot with 3 lives
3. Lose a life in-game (play or use controller_button)
4. memory_search (operator: <, compare: previous)     -> values that decreased
5. memory_search_capture                              -> snapshot with 2 lives
6. Lose another life
7. memory_search (operator: <, compare: previous)     -> narrow further
8. Or use: memory_search (operator: ==, compare: value, value: 1)
   -> find addresses holding exactly 1
9. write_memory on the candidate offset to set lives to 99
10. get_screenshot to verify the change took effect

Example: Finding a Score Counter

Score values are often stored as multi-byte (16-bit little-endian on Z80):

1. memory_search_capture                              -> snapshot at score 0
2. Score some points in-game
3. memory_search (operator: >, compare: previous)     -> values that increased
4. memory_search_capture
5. Score more points
6. memory_search (operator: >, compare: previous)     -> narrow down
7. read_memory on candidates - look for values matching current score
8. write_memory to set a custom score

For 16-bit values: the low byte is at address N, high byte at N+1 (Z80 is little-endian). Many ColecoVision games use BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) for score display - each nibble holds a single digit (e.g., score 1234 stored as $12 $34).

Fast Forward for Efficiency

Use fast forward to speed through gameplay when you need to trigger in-game changes:

set_fast_forward_speed (4 = unlimited)
toggle_fast_forward (enabled: true)
(play through the game section)
toggle_fast_forward (enabled: false)

This is essential when you need to reach specific game states without waiting in real time.

Save States as Checkpoints

Save states are critical for ROM hacking - they let you save your position and retry modifications:

select_save_state_slot (1-5) -> pick a slot
save_state                   -> save current state
(try modifications)
load_state                   -> revert if something breaks

Use different slots for different game states (e.g., slot 1 = start, slot 2 = boss fight, slot 3 = specific level).

list_save_state_slots shows all slots with ROM name, timestamp, and screenshot availability.

Rewind as an Alternative

The emulator also records continuous snapshots into a rewind ring buffer. Use get_rewind_status to check availability, then rewind_seek to jump to any recorded point without manual save/load. This is especially useful for quickly reverting after a failed memory write - pause, seek back a few snapshots, and retry.

Finding and Modifying Game Data

Text and String Discovery

To find text strings for translation or modification:

1. Determine the character encoding - ColecoVision games often use custom character maps stored as VDP tile patterns, not ASCII
2. read_memory across ROM areas scanning for known byte patterns
3. Use memory_find with text for literal strings or hex_bytes for encoded byte sequences
4. Set read breakpoints on suspected text addresses with set_breakpoint (read: true) to confirm they are read by the text rendering routine
5. get_screenshot to correlate displayed text with memory contents
6. read_memory (VRAM area from list_memory_areas) to examine the tile patterns used for font rendering
7. Load references/colecovision.md for the Coleco BIOS title-screen character set and cartridge title format when dealing with BIOS-managed text

Sprite and Graphics Data

1. list_sprites - view all 32 sprites with positions, sizes, and pattern indices
2. get_sprite_image - capture individual sprite images as PNG
3. read_memory (VRAM area from list_memory_areas) - examine pattern generator, color table, name table, and sprite attribute table data
4. get_vdp_registers - check table base addresses and sprite mode bits
5. Set read/write breakpoints (area: vram) on sprite or tile data to find the rendering code
6. get_screenshot before/after modifications to see visual changes

VRAM and Tile Data

The TMS9918A uses VRAM for all graphics:

• Pattern generator table: bitmap patterns for characters/tiles/sprites
• Pattern name table: background tile map referencing pattern indices
• Color table: foreground/background color information depending on display mode
• Sprite attribute table: Y position, X position, pattern index, and color for each sprite
• Sprite generator table: sprite pattern data

Use read_memory (VRAM area from list_memory_areas) with base addresses from get_vdp_registers to access these. Use references/tms9918a.md for mode-specific table rules.

Data Tables and Structures

1. debug_pause -> get_disassembly around code that loads data
2. Look for LD instructions with indexed or indirect addressing - these point to data tables
3. read_memory at the target offsets to dump table contents
4. add_memory_bookmark to mark discovered data regions
5. add_symbol to label data table entry points for future reference

Creating Cheats

Infinite Lives / Health

1. Find the address using the search loop (above)
2. Set a write breakpoint: set_breakpoint (write: true) on the logical address
3. debug_continue -> when it hits, get_disassembly to see the decrement code
4. Note the instruction (e.g., DEC (HL) or LD (addr),A)
5. Option A: Periodically write_memory to reset the value (simple poke cheat)
6. Option B: Identify the decrement routine for a NOP patch

Watching Values in Real Time

Use add_memory_watch on discovered offsets. Watches appear in the emulator's GUI memory editor, letting you monitor values as the game runs - useful for verifying cheats work across different game situations.

Write Breakpoint Technique

The most powerful cheat-finding technique:

1. Find the variable address via memory search
2. set_breakpoint (write: true) on that logical address
3. debug_continue - the emulator stops when the game writes to that address
4. get_z80_status + get_disassembly reveals the exact code modifying the value
5. get_call_stack shows what triggered the write
6. You now know exactly where and how the game manages that variable

Translation Workflow

1. Identify the Font System

1. get_screenshot of a screen with text
2. read_memory (VRAM area) - find tile patterns used for font characters
3. Set read/write breakpoints on VRAM tile data addresses to trace back to the rendering code
4. get_disassembly to find the character mapping table (byte value -> tile index)
5. add_symbol to label the font table and rendering routine

2. Find String Data

1. Look for sequential text bytes in ROM using read_memory with large ranges
2. Use memory_find with text for literal strings or hex_bytes for known byte patterns
3. Cross-reference with the character table to decode strings
4. add_memory_bookmark to mark each string location

3. Measure Space Constraints

ROM hacking translations must fit within existing space:

1. read_memory to determine how much space each string occupies
2. Check for string terminators (commonly $00, $FF, delimiter bytes, or length-prefixed strings)
3. If the translation is longer, look for unused ROM space or abbreviate

4. Apply and Test

1. write_memory to patch translated strings into memory
2. get_screenshot to verify rendering
3. save_state before each change so you can load_state if it breaks
4. Test all screens that display modified text

Memory Map Quick Reference

Use list_memory_areas to get the full list. Key logical areas:

ColecoVision Memory Layout (rom_ram)

Internal RAM ($6000-$63FF, mirrored to $7FFF) is the most common location for game variables in non-SGM games. SGM games may use the 24 KB upper RAM window at $2000-$7FFF after enabling it through port $53. Load references/super_game_module.md before modifying SGM memory or port $7F BIOS/RAM mapping.

Bookmarks and Organization

Keep your hacking session organized:

• add_memory_bookmark - mark discovered data regions, variable locations, string tables
• add_memory_watch - track values that change during gameplay
• add_symbol - label addresses in disassembly for readability
• add_disassembler_bookmark - mark code routines you have identified

Use list_memory_bookmarks, list_memory_watches, list_symbols, list_disassembler_bookmarks to review.

Persisting Changes

Changes made via write_memory to ROM areas are applied to the emulator's in-memory copy only - they are not persisted to the ROM file on disk. To create a permanent patch, use command-line tools (for example, a binary patch script) to apply the discovered modifications to the actual ROM file.