Approach to pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma in children
STEP 1 — Gather Information
Measure blood pressure to detect hypertension; document hallmark symptoms (headache, diaphoresis, palpitations), growth parameters, ADHD signs, and family history of PPGL or syndromic disease; obtain a creatinine‑corrected urine fractionated metanephrines sample for screening despite lack of pediatric cutoffs.
STEP 2 — Rule In / Rule Out
If hypertension is present with any of the hallmark symptoms (headache, sweating, palpitations) → suspect PPGL and proceed to biochemical testing; if hypertension is absent or symptoms are unexplained → consider alternative diagnoses and rule out PPGL.
STEP 3 — Classify or Stratify
Interpret endocrine test results using adult cutoffs with caution due to missing pediatric reference values; classify as biochemically positive if metanephrines exceed three times the adult upper limit of normal; then perform MRI (preferred in children to limit radiation) to locate adrenal or extra‑adrenal tumor; offer genetic testing when family history or syndromic features are present.
STEP 4 — Decide
For biochemically positive and imaging‑confirmed PPGL, initiate preoperative α‑blockade (e.g., doxazosin) followed by definitive tumor resection (laparoscopic adrenalectomy when feasible) as first‑line treatment; if the tumor is unresectable, refer for multidisciplinary management per the metastatic algorithm.
Clinical Guardrails / Mimics / Pitfalls
Do not rely solely on adult reference values without acknowledging possible false positives/negatives in children; avoid administering β‑blockers before adequate α‑blockade due to risk of hypertensive crisis; minimize radiation exposure by preferring MRI or ultrasound over CT when possible; remember that up to 70‑80% of pediatric PPGL cases harbor germline pathogenic variants, so early genetic counseling is essential.
Concrete Clinical Example
A 12‑year‑old boy presents with intermittent frontal headaches, profuse sweating, and episodic palpitations; office BP is 152/94 mm Hg. Screening urine metanephrines (creatinine corrected) is 4 × the adult upper limit. Abdominal MRI reveals a 3 cm left adrenal mass. After 10 days of doxazosin titration, laparoscopic adrenalectomy is performed; pathology confirms adrenal pheochromocytoma. Post‑op BP normalizes and symptoms resolve.
Source: Japan Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 2025, Japan Endocrine Society, 2025, doi:10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0165