Interpret genetic markers for metastasis risk in pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma
STEP 1 — Gather Information
Collect genetic test results (SDHx, FH, SDHB), SDHB immunostaining status, tumor size, necrosis, vascular invasion, S100 expression, catecholamine phenotype (adrenergic/noradrenergic), age at diagnosis, and tumor location (adrenal vs extra-adrenal).
STEP 2 — Rule In / Rule Out
If a pathogenic SDHB variant is present or SDHB immunostaining is negative, rule in high metastasis risk; otherwise, rule out high risk based solely on SDHB and proceed to COPPS scoring.
STEP 3 — Classify or Stratify
For SDHB-positive cases, classify as high metastasis risk (35‑75%); for SDHB‑negative cases, calculate the COPPS score (tumor size, necrosis, vascular invasion, S100 loss, SDHB immunostaining) and stratify risk as low (0‑1), intermediate (2), or high (≥3).
STEP 4 — Decide
If high risk (SDHB variant or COPPS ≥3), initiate intensified surveillance (imaging every 6‑12 months, genetic counseling, discuss prophylactic interventions); if low/intermediate risk, follow standard postoperative surveillance (annual biochemical testing and imaging).
Clinical Guardrails / Mimics / Pitfalls
Do not rely exclusively on SDHB immunostaining without confirmatory genetic testing; FH variants confer risk but data are limited; avoid missing metastatic PPGL in SDHB‑negative cases by neglecting tumor size, necrosis, or catecholamine phenotype; do not substitute genetic testing for clinical follow‑up in young patients with large tumors.
Concrete Clinical Example
A 45‑year‑old patient with an extra‑adrenal PGL (5 cm) undergoes genetic testing and is found to harbor an SDHB pathogenic variant; SDHB immunostaining is negative. The lesion shows necrosis. Based on the SDHB variant, the patient is classified as high metastasis risk and is scheduled for 6‑monthly 18F‑FDG PET/CT and annual MRI, with referral for genetic counseling.
Source: Japan Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Pheochromocytoma and Paraganglioma 2025, Japan Endocrine Society, 2025, DOI:10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0165