Dwsy macOS osascript 自动化技能
目录
概览
osascript 是 macOS 内置的脚本运行器，支持两种语言：
- AppleScript：传统脚本语言，语法接近英语，兼容性最佳
- JXA（JavaScript for Automation）：现代 JS 语法，更灵活，适合复杂逻辑
执行方式
基本调用
# AppleScript（默认）
osascript -e 'tell application "Finder" to activate'
# JXA
osascript -l JavaScript -e 'Application("Finder").activate()'
# 执行脚本文件
osascript /path/to/script.applescript
osascript -l JavaScript /path/to/script.js
通过 bash_tool 执行
# 推荐：heredoc 方式，适合多行脚本
bash_tool("""osascript << 'EOF'
tell application "Safari"
activate
open location "https://example.com"
end tell
EOF""")
AppleScript 核心语法
基础结构
-- 单行注释
(*
多行注释
*)
-- 变量
set myVar to "Hello"
set myNum to 42
set myList to {1, 2, 3}
-- 条件
if myNum > 10 then
display dialog "大于10"
else
display dialog "不大于10"
end if
-- 循环
repeat with i from 1 to 5
log i
end repeat
repeat with item in myList
log item
end repeat
-- 函数
on greet(name)
return "Hello, " & name
end greet
Tell 块（控制应用）
tell application "应用名"
-- 在此块内的命令发送给该应用
activate -- 激活/置前
quit -- 退出
end tell
-- 嵌套 tell（操作应用内的元素）
tell application "Finder"
tell front window
set current view to list view
end tell
end tell
JXA 核心语法
基础结构
// 获取应用引用
const app = Application("Finder")
const safari = Application("Safari")
// 当前应用（脚本编辑器/osascript 自身）
const app = Application.currentApplication()
app.includeStandardAdditions = true // 启用标准附加功能（对话框、通知等）
// 激活应用
safari.activate()
// 系统事件（UI 自动化）
const se = Application("System Events")
常用场景速查
1. 对话框与通知
AppleScript:
-- 显示对话框
display dialog "请输入名字：" default answer "张三" with title "输入"
set userName to text returned of result
-- 确认对话框
set choice to button returned of (display dialog "确定继续？" buttons {"取消", "确定"} default button "确定")
-- 通知
display notification "任务完成！" with title "提醒" subtitle "成功"
-- 选择文件
set theFile to choose file with prompt "请选择文件："
set filePath to POSIX path of theFile
-- 选择文件夹
set theFolder to choose folder with prompt "请选择文件夹："
JXA:
const app = Application.currentApplication()
app.includeStandardAdditions = true
// 对话框
const result = app.displayDialog("请输入名字：", {
defaultAnswer: "张三",
withTitle: "输入",
buttons: ["取消", "确定"],
defaultButton: "确定"
})
const userName = result.textReturned
// 通知
app.displayNotification("任务完成！", {
withTitle: "提醒",
subtitle: "成功"
})
2. 剪贴板操作
-- 读取剪贴板
set clipContent to the clipboard
-- 写入剪贴板
set the clipboard to "新内容"
-- 读取特定类型
set clipText to the clipboard as text
// JXA
const app = Application.currentApplication()
app.includeStandardAdditions = true
const clip = app.theClipboard()
app.setTheClipboardTo("新内容")
3. Finder 文件操作
tell application "Finder"
-- 获取桌面路径
set desktopPath to POSIX path of (path to desktop)
-- 创建文件夹
make new folder at desktop with properties {name:"新文件夹"}
-- 移动文件
move file "Macintosh HD:Users:user:file.txt" to trash
-- 获取选中文件
set selectedItems to selection
repeat with f in selectedItems
log POSIX path of (f as alias)
end repeat
-- 打开文件
open POSIX file "/Users/user/document.pdf"
end tell
4. Safari / 浏览器控制
tell application "Safari"
activate
-- 打开 URL
open location "https://www.example.com"
-- 获取当前页面 URL 和标题
set currentURL to URL of current tab of front window
set pageTitle to name of current tab of front window
-- 执行 JavaScript
do JavaScript "document.title" in current tab of front window
-- 新建标签页
tell front window
set newTab to make new tab
set URL of newTab to "https://www.google.com"
end tell
end tell
5. Mail 邮件操作
tell application "Mail"
-- 创建新邮件
set newMsg to make new outgoing message with properties {
subject: "测试邮件",
content: "这是邮件正文",
visible: true
}
tell newMsg
make new to recipient with properties {
name: "收件人",
address: "recipient@example.com"
}
end tell
-- 发送
send newMsg
end tell
6. 系统 UI 自动化（System Events）
tell application "System Events"
-- 按键
keystroke "c" using {command down} -- Cmd+C
key code 36 -- 回车键
-- 点击菜单栏
tell process "Finder"
click menu item "新建文件夹" of menu "文件" of menu bar 1
end tell
-- 获取所有运行中的应用
set runningApps to name of every process whose background only is false
end tell
-- 模拟点击 UI 元素
tell application "System Events"
tell process "Calculator"
click button "1"
click button "+"
click button "2"
click button "="
end tell
end tell
7. 日历（Calendar）
tell application "Calendar"
-- 创建事件
tell calendar "工作"
make new event with properties {
summary: "团队会议",
start date: date "2024-01-15 14:00",
end date: date "2024-01-15 15:00",
description: "季度复盘"
}
end tell
end tell
8. 终端/Shell 命令
-- 在 AppleScript 中执行 shell 命令
set result to do shell script "ls -la ~/Desktop"
set result to do shell script "python3 /path/to/script.py"
-- 需要管理员权限
do shell script "sudo command" with administrator privileges
9. Numbers / 数据处理
tell application "Numbers"
tell front document
tell active sheet
tell table 1
-- 读取单元格
set cellVal to value of cell "A1"
-- 写入单元格
set value of cell "B1" to 42
-- 获取行数
set rowCount to row count
end tell
end tell
end tell
end tell
高级场景
6.1 窗口管理
-- 调整窗口大小/位置
tell application "System Events"
tell process "Code"
set position of front window to {100, 100}
set size of front window to {800, 600}
end tell
end tell
-- 最小化所有窗口
tell application "System Events"
keystroke "m" using command down
end tell
-- 获取屏幕分辨率
tell application "Finder"
get bounds of window of desktop
end tell
6.2 音频设备控制
# 需要: brew install switchaudio-osx
-- 获取当前输出设备
set currentDevice to do shell script "SwitchAudioSource -c"
-- 切换音频输出
do shell script "SwitchAudioSource -s \"MacBook Pro Speakers\""
-- 设置音量
set volume output volume 50
set volume input volume 30
6.3 蓝牙与网络
# 需要: brew install blueutil
-- 蓝牙开关
do shell script "blueutil --power 1" -- 开启
do shell script "blueutil --power 0" -- 关闭
-- 列出配对设备
set pairedDevices to do shell script "blueutil --paired"
-- 获取 WiFi 状态
set wifiStatus to do shell script "airport -I | grep state | awk '{print $2}'"
-- 切换 WiFi
do shell script "networksetup -setairportpower en0 on"
-- 获取 IP
set myIP to do shell script "ifconfig | grep inet | grep -v inet6 | awk '{print $2}' | head -1"
6.4 屏幕与截图
-- 截屏到剪贴板
do shell script "screencapture -c"
-- 选择区域截屏
do shell script "screencapture -i ~/Desktop/cap.png"
-- 全屏截屏带阴影
do shell script "screencapture -x ~/Desktop/fullscreen.png"
-- 定时截屏
do shell script "screencapture -T 5 ~/Desktop/delay.png"
6.5 系统监控
-- CPU 负载
set cpuLoad to do shell script "uptime | awk -F'load averages: ' '{print $2}'"
-- 内存压力
set memoryFree to do shell script "memory_pressure | grep 'System-wide memory free percentage' | awk '{print $5}'"
-- 电池状态
set batteryPercent to do shell script "pmset -g batt | grep -Eo '[0-9]+%' | head -1"
-- 磁盘空间
set freeSpace to do shell script "df -h / | tail -1 | awk '{print $4}'"
-- 获取硬件信息
set serialNumber to do shell script "system_profiler SPHardwareDataType | grep 'Serial Number' | awk '{print $4}'"
set cpuInfo to do shell script "sysctl -n machdep.cpu.brand_string"
6.6 文件系统监控
-- 使用 fswatch 监控目录变化 (需要: brew install fswatch)
do shell script "fswatch -1 /path/to/watch && echo 'Changed'"
-- 获取文件扩展属性
set xattr to do shell script "xattr -l /path/to/file"
-- Spotlight 搜索
set searchResults to do shell script "mdfind 'kind:image && kMDItemPixelHeight > 2000'"
-- 获取文件元数据
set createDate to do shell script "mdls -n kMDItemContentCreationDate /path/to/file"
6.7 压缩与镜像
-- 创建加密压缩包
do shell script "zip -e -r secure.zip folder/"
-- 解压特定文件
do shell script "unzip -j archive.zip 'specific/file.txt' -d /tmp/"
-- 创建 DMG 镜像
do shell script "hdiutil create -srcfolder /path/to/folder -volname Name output.dmg"
-- 挂载 DMG
do shell script "hdiutil attach output.dmg"
-- 卸载 DMG
do shell script "hdiutil detach /Volumes/Name"
-- 转换 DMG 格式
do shell script "hdiutil convert input.dmg -format UDZO -o compressed.dmg"
6.8 时间机器
-- 开始备份
do shell script "tmutil startbackup"
-- 排除文件
do shell script "tmutil addexclusion /path/to/folder"
-- 查看备份状态
set backupStatus to do shell script "tmutil status"
-- 列出备份历史
set backupList to do shell script "tmutil listbackups"
-- 恢复快照
do shell script "tmutil restore /path/to/backup/file /destination/"
6.9 安全与签名
-- 代码签名检查
set codesignInfo to do shell script "codesign -dv /Applications/App.app 2>&1 | head -10"
-- 检查 SIP 状态
set sipStatus to do shell script "csrutil status"
-- 检查 Gatekeeper
set gatekeeper to do shell script "spctl --status"
-- 公证状态查询 (需要配置 keychain profile)
set notarization to do shell script "xcrun notarytool history --keychain-profile AC_PROFILE 2>&1 | head -5"
6.10 语音合成
-- 朗读文本
say "Hello World"
-- 指定语音/速度
say "Hello" using "Samantha" speaking rate 150
-- 保存为音频文件
say "Hello World" saving to alias "Macintosh HD:Users:name:Desktop:out.aiff"
-- 列出可用语音
set voices to do shell script "say -v '?' | cut -d ' ' -f 1-2"
-- 中文语音
say "你好世界" using "Ting-Ting"
错误处理
AppleScript
try
-- 可能出错的代码
tell application "Safari"
set x to URL of current tab of front window
end tell
on error errMsg number errNum
display dialog "错误 " & errNum & ": " & errMsg
end try
JXA
try {
const safari = Application("Safari")
const url = safari.windows[0].currentTab.url()
} catch(e) {
console.log("错误: " + e.message)
}
返回值处理
osascript 的输出会打印到 stdout，bash_tool 可捕获：
# 返回值自动输出到 stdout
result=$(osascript -e 'return "Hello World"')
echo $result # Hello World
# 多行返回（列表用逗号分隔）
osascript -e 'return {"apple", "banana", "cherry"}'
# 输出: apple, banana, cherry
权限与安全注意事项
- 首次运行需要授权：System Events、辅助功能控制等需在「系统设置 → 隐私与安全 → 辅助功能」中授权终端/应用
- 沙盒限制：Mac App Store 应用可能限制 AppleScript 访问
- 权限检测：
tell application "System Events"
if UI elements enabled then
-- 有辅助功能权限
else
display dialog "请在系统设置中开启辅助功能权限"
end if
end tell
调试技巧
# 详细错误输出
osascript -e 'tell application "Finder" to ...' 2>&1
# 脚本编辑器日志（AppleScript）
log "调试信息: " & myVar
# JXA 控制台输出
console.log("调试:", someValue)
# 测试脚本是否有语法错误（不执行）
osacompile -o /dev/null script.applescript
工作流建议
- 简单单行操作 → 用
-e参数直接执行 - 多步骤自动化 → 写成脚本文件，用
osascript执行 - 需要用户交互 → 用
display dialog收集输入 - 应用 UI 无 AppleScript 支持 → 改用
System Events模拟鼠标键盘 - 复杂数据处理 → 用 JXA（JS 语法更灵活）配合
do shell script调用 Python/Ruby
详细的应用专属 API 请参考：references/app-dictionaries.md