1---2name: literature-search3description: Systematic literature review methodology including search strategy, screening, and synthesis. Use when conducting literature reviews or writing background sections.4---5
6## Literature Search Best Practice
7
8### Search Strategy Design
91. Define research question using PICO framework (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome)
102. Identify 2-4 core concepts from the research question
113. List synonyms, abbreviations, and related terms for each concept
124. Combine terms with Boolean operators: AND (between concepts), OR (within synonyms)
135. Select at least 3 complementary databases relevant to the domain:
14 - Biomedical: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science
15 - Computer science: arXiv, Semantic Scholar, DBLP, ACL Anthology
16 - Interdisciplinary: Google Scholar, OpenAlex
176. Document exact search strings for reproducibility
18
19### Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
201. Define date range (e.g., last 5-10 years for rapidly evolving fields)
212. Specify language restrictions (typically English)
223. Specify publication types (peer-reviewed, preprints, conference papers)
234. Define study design requirements (RCTs, observational, computational)
245. Set domain-specific filters (species, methodology, sample size)
256. Document all criteria BEFORE screening begins
26
27### PRISMA Methodology
281. Record total hits from each database before deduplication
292. Remove duplicates and record count
303. Screen titles and abstracts against inclusion criteria (record excluded count)
314. Full-text review of remaining papers (record excluded with reasons)
325. Report final included studies with PRISMA flow diagram
336. For scoping reviews, use PRISMA-ScR extension
34
35### Screening and Quality Assessment
361. Use two-pass screening: title/abstract first, then full text
372. Apply quality assessment tools appropriate to study type:
38 - RCTs: Cochrane Risk of Bias tool
39 - Observational: Newcastle-Ottawa Scale
40 - ML papers: check reproducibility, dataset validity, statistical rigor
413. Extract data systematically using a predefined extraction form
42
43### Synthesis Approaches
441. **Narrative synthesis**: Organize findings thematically, identify patterns and contradictions
452. **Meta-analysis**: Pool quantitative results when studies are sufficiently homogeneous
463. **Gap analysis**: Explicitly identify what is NOT covered in the literature
474. Summarize key findings per theme with supporting citation counts
485. Highlight conflicting results and possible explanations
496. End with clear statement of research gaps that motivate your study