UI UX Design

UI/UX Design

Domain: User interface design, user experience optimization, accessibility compliance, design systems
Applicable To: Web applications, VS Code extensions, mobile apps, desktop software
Skill Type: Systematic design audit, accessibility validation, design system implementation

Level 1: Quick Reference

Core Design Principles

Visual Hierarchy

• Typography scale: base size ≥11px for WCAG AA compliance
• Weight progression: 400 (regular) → 500 (medium) → 600 (semibold) → 700 (bold)
• Size jumps: ~2px increments (11px → 13px → 14px → 16px → 18px → 20px)

Spacing System

• Base unit: 4px or 8px (8px recommended for touch interfaces)
• Scale: base × 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12 (e.g., 4px, 8px, 16px, 24px, 32px, 48px, 64px, 96px)
• Consistency: All margins, padding, gaps use scale values

Color & Contrast

• WCAG AA minimum: 4.5:1 for normal text, 3:1 for large text (≥18px or ≥14px bold)
• WCAG AAA enhanced: 7:1 for normal text, 4.5:1 for large text
• Color-blind safety: Never rely on color alone (add icons, patterns, text labels)

Touch Targets

• Minimum size: 44×44px (WCAG 2.1 AA Level 2.5.5)
• Recommended: 48×48px for primary actions
• Spacing: Minimum 8px between adjacent targets

WCAG 2.1 AA Compliance Checklist

Perceivable

• ✓ Text alternatives (alt text, aria-label) for non-text content
• ✓ Color contrast ratio ≥4.5:1 for normal text, ≥3:1 for large text
• ✓ Text resizable up to 200% without loss of functionality
• ✓ No information conveyed by color alone

Operable

• ✓ All functionality available via keyboard (tabindex, focus management)
• ✓ Focus indicators visible (:focus-visible styles)
• ✓ Touch targets ≥44×44px
• ✓ No keyboard traps (can tab away from all interactive elements)

Understandable

• ✓ Semantic HTML (header, nav, main, article, aside, footer)
• ✓ ARIA roles for custom components (button, dialog, menu, tab, progressbar)
• ✓ Form labels associated with inputs (for/id or aria-labelledby)
• ✓ Error messages clear and actionable

Robust

• ✓ Valid HTML (no unclosed tags, proper nesting)
• ✓ ARIA attributes used correctly (aria-valuenow/min/max for progressbar)
• ✓ Compatible with assistive technologies (screen readers, keyboard-only)

Design System Quick Setup

CSS Variables Pattern

:root {
  /* Typography Scale */
  --font-xs: 11px;    /* Minimum legal size */
  --font-sm: 12px;    /* Secondary text */
  --font-md: 14px;    /* Body text (VS Code default) */
  --font-lg: 16px;    /* Headings, emphasis */
  --font-xl: 18px;    /* Large headings */
  
  /* Spacing Scale (8px base) */
  --spacing-xs: 4px;  /* Tight spacing */
  --spacing-sm: 8px;  /* Default gap */
  --spacing-md: 16px; /* Section padding */
  --spacing-lg: 24px; /* Card padding */
  --spacing-xl: 32px; /* Page margins */
  
  /* Theme-aware Colors */
  --text-primary: var(--vscode-foreground);
  --text-secondary: var(--vscode-descriptionForeground);
  --bg-primary: var(--vscode-editor-background);
  --bg-secondary: var(--vscode-sideBar-background);
  --border-color: var(--vscode-panel-border);
  --accent: var(--vscode-button-background);
}

Level 2: Detailed Practices

Systematic UI/UX Audit Process

Phase 1: Visual Assessment

1. Typography Audit

   • Measure all font sizes (dev tools inspector)
   • Flag sizes <11px (WCAG AA violation)
   • Check line-height: 1.4-1.6 for body text
   • Verify font-weight consistency (avoid random weights like 450, 550)

2. Spacing Audit

   • Inspect margins/padding across components
   • Identify spacing values (e.g., 7px, 13px, 21px = inconsistent)
   • Calculate base unit: find GCD of all spacing values
   • Normalize to scale (e.g., 13px → 12px or 16px)

3. Color Audit

   • Screenshot all color combinations (text on background)
   • Use contrast checker (WebAIM, Chrome DevTools)
   • Document violations with severity:
     • P0: <3:1 ratio (immediate fix)
     • P1: 3:1-4.49:1 ratio (fails AA for normal text)
     • P2: 4.5:1-6.99:1 ratio (passes AA, fails AAA)

4. Touch Target Audit

   • Measure interactive elements (buttons, links, checkboxes)
   • Flag elements <44px in either dimension
   • Check spacing between adjacent targets (<8px = risk of mis-taps)

Phase 2: Accessibility Assessment

1. Keyboard Navigation Test

   • Tab through entire interface
   • Verify focus visible on all interactive elements
   • Check focus order matches visual order
   • Ensure no keyboard traps (can tab away from modals, menus)

2. Screen Reader Test

   • Use NVDA (Windows), VoiceOver (Mac), or Narrator
   • Verify all interactive elements have labels
   • Check landmark regions announced (navigation, main, complementary)
   • Confirm form fields have associated labels

3. Semantic HTML Audit

   • Inspect DOM structure
   • Replace <div> buttons with <button> or role="button"
   • Use <nav>, <article>, <aside>, <section> for structure
   • Add ARIA roles only when semantic HTML insufficient

4. Color-Blind Safety Test

   • Use color-blindness simulator (Coblis, Chrome DevTools)
   • Check status indicators (success/warning/error) visible without color
   • Add icons, patterns, or text labels to color-coded elements

Phase 3: Design System Implementation

1. Extract Design Tokens

   • List all unique font sizes → create typography scale
   • List all unique spacing values → create spacing scale
   • List all colors → map to semantic variables (primary, secondary, accent, etc.)

2. Create CSS Variables

   • Define tokens in :root or component scope
   • Use semantic names (--font-body, not --font-14px)
   • Reference theme colors (var(--vscode-foreground), not hardcoded hex)

3. Apply Design Tokens

   • Replace hardcoded values with variables
   • Example: font-size: 14px → font-size: var(--font-md)
   • Example: margin: 16px → margin: var(--spacing-md)

4. Document Design System

   • Create design system reference (README or style guide)
   • Include token table with usage guidelines
   • Add code examples for common patterns

Accessibility Patterns Library

Focus Indicators

/* VS Code-aware focus styling */
:focus-visible {
  outline: 2px solid var(--vscode-focusBorder);
  outline-offset: 2px;
  border-radius: 4px;
}

/* Remove outline for mouse users */
:focus:not(:focus-visible) {
  outline: none;
}

Color-Blind Safe Status Indicators

/* Status dots with icons via ::after */
.status-dot {
  width: 12px;
  height: 12px;
  border-radius: 50%;
  position: relative;
}

.status-dot.success {
  background: #4caf50; /* Green */
}
.status-dot.success::after {
  content: '✓'; /* Checkmark icon */
  position: absolute;
  color: white;
  font-size: 10px;
  font-weight: bold;
  top: -1px;
  left: 1px;
}

.status-dot.warning {
  background: #ff9800; /* Orange */
}
.status-dot.warning::after {
  content: '⚠'; /* Warning icon */
  position: absolute;
  color: white;
  font-size: 10px;
  top: -2px;
  left: 0px;
}

.status-dot.error {
  background: #f44336; /* Red */
}
.status-dot.error::after {
  content: '✗'; /* X icon */
  position: absolute;
  color: white;
  font-size: 10px;
  font-weight: bold;
  top: -1px;
  left: 2px;
}

ARIA Progressbar

<!-- Accessible progress bar -->
<div role="progressbar" 
     aria-valuenow="65" 
     aria-valuemin="0" 
     aria-valuemax="100"
     aria-label="Task completion">
  <div class="progress-fill" style="width: 65%"></div>
</div>

Accessible Buttons

<!-- Semantic button with ARIA -->
<button type="button" 
        tabindex="0"
        aria-label="Generate architecture diagram"
        class="action-button">
  Generate Diagram
</button>

<!-- Div styled as button (use sparingly) -->
<div role="button" 
     tabindex="0"
     aria-label="Close panel"
     class="close-button"
    
     ')handleClick()">
  ×
</div>

Card Layout with Semantic HTML

<article class="card" role="article">
  <header>
    <h3>Skill Name</h3>
  </header>
  <div class="card-body">
    <p>Description text...</p>
  </div>
  <footer>
    <button aria-label="Activate skill">Activate</button>
  </footer>
</article>

Modern Component Architecture (2024+)

React 19 Form Patterns

// useActionState replaces form submission boilerplate
import { useActionState } from 'react';

function SubscribeForm() {
  const [error, submitAction, isPending] = useActionState(
    async (prevState, formData) => {
      const result = await subscribe(formData.get('email'));
      return result.error ?? null;
    },
    null
  );

  return (
    <form action={submitAction}>
      <input type="email" name="email" required disabled={isPending} />
      <button disabled={isPending}>{isPending ? 'Subscribing...' : 'Subscribe'}</button>
      {error && <p role="alert" className="error">{error}</p>}
    </form>
  );
}

Optimistic Updates

import { useOptimistic, startTransition } from 'react';

function LikeButton({ liked, onToggle }) {
  const [optimisticLiked, setOptimisticLiked] = useOptimistic(liked);

  return (
    <button
      aria-pressed={optimisticLiked}
      => startTransition(async () => {
        setOptimisticLiked(!optimisticLiked);  // Instant UI
        await onToggle();                       // Actual API
      })}
    >
      {optimisticLiked ? '❤️' : '🤍'}
    </button>
  );
}

Composable Component Pattern (shadcn/ui style)

// All components share: variants + sizes + states + ref forwarding
interface ButtonProps extends React.ButtonHTMLAttributes<HTMLButtonElement> {
  variant?: 'default' | 'destructive' | 'outline' | 'ghost';
  size?: 'default' | 'sm' | 'lg' | 'icon';
  asChild?: boolean;  // Radix pattern for render delegation
}

const Button = React.forwardRef<HTMLButtonElement, ButtonProps>(
  ({ className, variant = 'default', size = 'default', ...props }, ref) => (
    <button
      className={cn(buttonVariants({ variant, size, className }))}
      ref={ref}
      {...props}
    />
  )
);

Design System Implementation Workflow

Step 1: Audit Current State

# Extract all font-size declarations
grep -r "font-size:" src/ | grep -oP "\d+px" | sort -u

# Extract all spacing values (margin, padding)
grep -r -E "(margin|padding):" src/ | grep -oP "\d+px" | sort -u

# Count unique colors
grep -r -E "(color|background):" src/ | grep -oP "#[0-9a-fA-F]{3,6}" | sort -u

Step 2: Calculate Base Unit

Spacing values found: 4px, 8px, 12px, 16px, 20px, 24px, 32px
GCD = 4px → Base unit = 4px
Scale: 1×, 2×, 3×, 4×, 5×, 6×, 8× (0.25rem, 0.5rem, 0.75rem, 1rem, 1.25rem, 1.5rem, 2rem)

Step 3: Create Token System

// Design tokens as JavaScript object
const tokens = {
  typography: {
    xs: '11px',  // Legal minimum
    sm: '12px',  // Secondary
    md: '14px',  // Body
    lg: '16px',  // Heading
    xl: '18px'   // Large heading
  },
  spacing: {
    xs: '4px',
    sm: '8px',
    md: '16px',
    lg: '24px',
    xl: '32px'
  },
  colors: {
    primary: 'var(--vscode-button-background)',
    secondary: 'var(--vscode-button-secondaryBackground)',
    text: 'var(--vscode-foreground)',
    textMuted: 'var(--vscode-descriptionForeground)',
    border: 'var(--vscode-panel-border)',
    success: '#4caf50',
    warning: '#ff9800',
    error: '#f44336'
  }
};

Step 4: Generate CSS Variables

:root {
  /* Typography */
  --font-xs: 11px;
  --font-sm: 12px;
  --font-md: 14px;
  --font-lg: 16px;
  --font-xl: 18px;
  
  /* Spacing */
  --spacing-xs: 4px;
  --spacing-sm: 8px;
  --spacing-md: 16px;
  --spacing-lg: 24px;
  --spacing-xl: 32px;
  
  /* Colors (theme-aware) */
  --color-primary: var(--vscode-button-background);
  --color-text: var(--vscode-foreground);
  --color-border: var(--vscode-panel-border);
  --color-success: #4caf50;
  --color-warning: #ff9800;
  --color-error: #f44336;
}

Step 5: Apply Design Tokens

/* Before: Hardcoded values */
.button {
  font-size: 14px;
  padding: 8px 16px;
  background: #007acc;
  color: #ffffff;
}

/* After: Design tokens */
.button {
  font-size: var(--font-md);
  padding: var(--spacing-sm) var(--spacing-md);
  background: var(--color-primary);
  color: var(--color-text);
}

Testing & Validation

Manual Testing Checklist

• Tab through all interactive elements (keyboard navigation)
• Verify focus visible on all focusable elements
• Test with screen reader (NVDA, VoiceOver, Narrator)
• Zoom to 200% (Ctrl/Cmd +) - verify no content cut off
• Test with Windows High Contrast mode
• Simulate color blindness (Deuteranopia, Protanopia, Tritanopia)
• Test on mobile device or touch simulator (Chrome DevTools)
• Verify minimum touch target size (44×44px)

Automated Testing Tools

• axe DevTools: Browser extension for WCAG violations
• Lighthouse: Chrome DevTools → Accessibility score
• WAVE: Web Accessibility Evaluation Tool
• Color Contrast Analyzer: Desktop app for WCAG contrast checking
• Pa11y: Command-line accessibility testing

Validation Scripts

// Check for minimum font sizes
const elements = document.querySelectorAll('*');
elements.forEach(el => {
  const fontSize = parseFloat(window.getComputedStyle(el).fontSize);
  if (fontSize < 11 && fontSize > 0) {
    console.warn('Font too small:', el, fontSize + 'px');
  }
});

// Check for touch target sizes
const interactive = document.querySelectorAll('button, a, input, [role="button"]');
interactive.forEach(el => {
  const rect = el.getBoundingClientRect();
  if (rect.width < 44 || rect.height < 44) {
    console.warn('Touch target too small:', el, rect.width + '×' + rect.height + 'px');
  }
});

// Check for missing ARIA labels
const buttons = document.querySelectorAll('button, [role="button"]');
buttons.forEach(btn => {
  if (!btn.textContent.trim() && !btn.getAttribute('aria-label')) {
    console.error('Button missing label:', btn);
  }
});

Level 3: Resources & References

WCAG 2.1 Specification

Official Documentation

• WCAG 2.1 Guidelines: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/quickref/
• Understanding WCAG 2.1: https://www.w3.org/WAI/WCAG21/Understanding/
• ARIA Authoring Practices: https://www.w3.org/WAI/ARIA/apg/

Key Success Criteria

• 1.4.3 Contrast (Minimum) - Level AA: 4.5:1 normal text, 3:1 large text
• 1.4.6 Contrast (Enhanced) - Level AAA: 7:1 normal text, 4.5:1 large text
• 1.4.10 Reflow - Content reflows at 320px width (400% zoom)
• 1.4.11 Non-text Contrast - 3:1 for UI components and graphical objects
• 1.4.12 Text Spacing - No loss of content with increased spacing
• 2.1.1 Keyboard - All functionality via keyboard
• 2.4.7 Focus Visible - Keyboard focus indicator visible
• 2.5.5 Target Size - Touch targets ≥44×44px (Level AAA)
• 4.1.2 Name, Role, Value - ARIA attributes for custom components

Design Systems Examples

Material Design 3

• Typography: 11 type scales (Display, Headline, Title, Body, Label)
• Spacing: 4px base unit, 8dp grid system
• Color: Dynamic color from seed, contrast-safe palettes
• Components: 40+ accessible components with ARIA
• Link: https://m3.material.io/

Apple Human Interface Guidelines

• Typography: SF Pro font family, Dynamic Type support
• Spacing: 8pt grid, consistent margins
• Touch Targets: 44pt minimum
• Accessibility: VoiceOver, Dynamic Type, Reduced Motion
• Link: https://developer.apple.com/design/human-interface-guidelines/

Microsoft Fluent Design

• Typography: Segoe UI Variable, type ramp
• Spacing: 4px base unit
• Components: React, Web Components, .NET
• Accessibility: Built-in ARIA, keyboard navigation
• Link: https://fluent2.microsoft.design/

VS Code Design Guidelines

• Colors: Theme-aware CSS variables (--vscode-*)
• Typography: VS Code font stack, 13px default
• Icons: Codicons icon font
• Components: Webview UI Toolkit
• Link: https://code.visualstudio.com/api/references/extension-guidelines

Design Tools & Resources

Accessibility Testing

• axe DevTools: https://www.deque.com/axe/devtools/
• WAVE: https://wave.webaim.org/
• Lighthouse: Built into Chrome DevTools
• Color Contrast Analyzer: https://www.tpgi.com/color-contrast-checker/
• WebAIM Contrast Checker: https://webaim.org/resources/contrastchecker/

Color-Blindness Simulators

• Coblis: https://www.color-blindness.com/coblis-color-blindness-simulator/
• Chrome DevTools: DevTools → Rendering → Emulate vision deficiencies
• Photoshop/Figma: Built-in color-blind preview modes

Design Token Tools

• Style Dictionary: Build system for design tokens
• Theo: Salesforce design token tool
• Tokens Studio: Figma plugin for design tokens
• CSS Variables Spec: https://www.w3.org/TR/css-variables/

Screen Readers

• NVDA (Windows, free): https://www.nvaccess.org/
• VoiceOver (Mac, built-in): Cmd+F5 to enable
• Narrator (Windows, built-in): Win+Ctrl+Enter to enable
• JAWS (Windows, commercial): https://www.freedomscientific.com/products/software/jaws/

Code Examples Repository

Accessible Component Patterns

<!-- Modal Dialog -->
<div role="dialog" 
     aria-labelledby="dialog-title"
     aria-describedby="dialog-desc"
     aria-modal="true">
  <h2 id="dialog-title">Confirm Action</h2>
  <p id="dialog-desc">Are you sure you want to proceed?</p>
  <button aria-label="Confirm">OK</button>
  <button aria-label="Cancel">Cancel</button>
</div>

<!-- Tab Panel -->
<div role="tablist" aria-label="Settings tabs">
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="true" aria-controls="panel-1">General</button>
  <button role="tab" aria-selected="false" aria-controls="panel-2">Advanced</button>
</div>
<div id="panel-1" role="tabpanel">General settings...</div>
<div id="panel-2" role="tabpanel" hidden>Advanced settings...</div>

<!-- Combobox (Autocomplete) -->
<label for="search">Search</label>
<input id="search" 
       role="combobox"
       aria-autocomplete="list"
       aria-expanded="false"
       aria-controls="results">
<ul id="results" role="listbox" hidden>
  <li role="option">Result 1</li>
  <li role="option">Result 2</li>
</ul>

Related Skills

Direct Dependencies

• graphic-design: Visual identity, logo design, brand consistency
• code-review: Accessibility code quality validation
• testing-strategies: Automated accessibility testing integration

Complementary Skills

• markdown-mermaid: Diagram accessibility (alt text, semantic structure)
• vscode-extension-patterns: Webview UI patterns, theme integration
• localization: Internationalization, RTL support, cultural considerations

Common Pitfalls

Typography Mistakes

• Using font sizes <11px (WCAG violation)
• Inconsistent font weights (mixing 450, 500, 550)
• Line-height too tight (<1.4 for body text)
• Font color insufficient contrast

Spacing Mistakes

• Random spacing values (7px, 13px, 21px) instead of scale
• Inconsistent padding within similar components
• Touch targets too close together (<8px spacing)

Accessibility Mistakes

• Using <div> instead of <button> for clickable elements
• Missing aria-label on icon-only buttons
• No visible focus indicator
• Color-only status indicators (no icons/text)
• Touch targets <44×44px

Design Token Mistakes

• Hardcoding theme colors (breaks dark mode)
• Using presentational names (--blue-500) instead of semantic (--color-primary)
• Not using CSS variables consistently
• Missing fallback values for older browsers

Performance Considerations

CSS Variables Performance

• CSS variables have minimal performance impact
• Prefer :root scope for global tokens
• Use component scope for component-specific overrides
• Avoid excessive calc() operations with variables

Accessibility Tree Performance

• Excessive ARIA attributes can slow screen readers
• Use semantic HTML instead of ARIA when possible
• Minimize DOM depth for better screen reader performance
• Cache accessibility tree calculations in JS

Version History

v1.0.0 (2026-02-15)

• Initial skill creation based on Alex v5.8.0 accessibility implementation session
• WCAG 2.1 AA compliance patterns from welcomeView.ts refactoring
• Design system implementation workflow from production experience
• Accessibility audit checklist validated against real-world deployment