Network 101

⚠️ AUTHORIZED USE ONLY This skill is for educational purposes or authorized security assessments only. You must have explicit, written permission from the system owner before using this tool. Misuse of this tool is illegal and strictly prohibited.

Mandatory confirmation gate Before running any command that probes, exploits, changes, persists on, extracts data from, or attempts credential access against a target:

1. Ask the user to state the exact target URL, IP, account, or resource.
2. Ask the user to confirm written authorization and the permitted scope.
3. Show the exact command(s) and explain their expected effect.
4. Wait for explicit confirmation in the current conversation.

Without that confirmation, remain read-only and provide defensive guidance only. Prefer a sandbox, disposable VM, or controlled lab.

Network 101

Purpose

Configure and test common network services (HTTP, HTTPS, SNMP, SMB) for penetration testing lab environments. Enable hands-on practice with service enumeration, log analysis, and security testing against properly configured target systems.

Inputs/Prerequisites

• Windows Server or Linux system for hosting services
• Kali Linux or similar for testing
• Administrative access to target system
• Basic networking knowledge (IP addressing, ports)
• Firewall access for port configuration

Outputs/Deliverables

• Configured HTTP/HTTPS web server
• SNMP service with accessible communities
• SMB file shares with various permission levels
• Captured logs for analysis
• Documented enumeration results

Core Workflow

1. Configure HTTP Server (Port 80)

Set up a basic HTTP web server for testing:

Windows IIS Setup:

1. Open IIS Manager (Internet Information Services)
2. Right-click Sites → Add Website
3. Configure site name and physical path
4. Bind to IP address and port 80

Linux Apache Setup:

# Install Apache
sudo apt update && sudo apt install apache2

# Start service
sudo systemctl start apache2
sudo systemctl enable apache2

# Create test page
echo "<html><body><h1>Test Page</h1></body></html>" | sudo tee /var/www/html/index.html

# Verify service
curl http://localhost

Configure Firewall for HTTP:

# Linux (UFW)
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp

# Windows PowerShell
New-NetFirewallRule -DisplayName "HTTP" -Direction Inbound -Protocol TCP -LocalPort 80 -Action Allow

2. Configure HTTPS Server (Port 443)

Set up secure HTTPS with SSL/TLS:

Generate Self-Signed Certificate:

# Linux - Generate certificate
sudo openssl req -x509 -nodes -days 365 -newkey rsa:2048 \
  -keyout /etc/ssl/private/apache-selfsigned.key \
  -out /etc/ssl/certs/apache-selfsigned.crt

# Enable SSL module
sudo a2enmod ssl
sudo systemctl restart apache2

Configure Apache for HTTPS:

# Edit SSL virtual host
sudo nano /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl.conf

# Enable site
sudo a2ensite default-ssl
sudo systemctl reload apache2

Verify HTTPS Setup:

# Check port 443 is open
nmap -p 443 192.168.1.1

# Test SSL connection
openssl s_client -connect 192.168.1.1:443

# Check certificate
curl -kv https://192.168.1.1

3. Configure SNMP Service (Port 161)

Set up SNMP for enumeration practice:

Linux SNMP Setup:

# Install SNMP daemon
sudo apt install snmpd snmp

# Configure community strings
sudo nano /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf

# Add these lines:
# rocommunity public
# rwcommunity private

# Restart service
sudo systemctl restart snmpd

Windows SNMP Setup:

1. Open Server Manager → Add Features
2. Select SNMP Service
3. Configure community strings in Services → SNMP Service → Properties

SNMP Enumeration Commands:

# Basic SNMP walk
snmpwalk -c public -v1 192.168.1.1

# Enumerate system info
snmpwalk -c public -v1 192.168.1.1 1.3.6.1.2.1.1

# Get running processes
snmpwalk -c public -v1 192.168.1.1 1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2

# SNMP check tool
snmp-check 192.168.1.1 -c public

# Brute force community strings
onesixtyone -c /usr/share/seclists/Discovery/SNMP/common-snmp-community-strings.txt 192.168.1.1

4. Configure SMB Service (Port 445)

Set up SMB file shares for enumeration:

Windows SMB Share:

1. Create folder to share
2. Right-click → Properties → Sharing → Advanced Sharing
3. Enable sharing and set permissions
4. Configure NTFS permissions

Linux Samba Setup:

# Install Samba
sudo apt install samba

# Create a group-scoped share directory instead of a world-writable one
sudo install -d -m 0770 -o root -g sambashare /srv/samba/share

# Configure Samba
sudo nano /etc/samba/smb.conf

# Add share:
# [public]
#    path = /srv/samba/share
#    browsable = yes
#    guest ok = yes
#    read

# Restart service
sudo systemctl restart smbd

SMB Enumeration Commands:

# List shares anonymously
smbclient -L //192.168.1.1 -N

# Connect to share
smbclient //192.168.1.1/share -N

# Enumerate with smbmap
smbmap -H 192.168.1.1

# Full enumeration
enum4linux -a 192.168.1.1

# Check for vulnerabilities
nmap --script smb-vuln* 192.168.1.1

5. Analyze Service Logs

Review logs for security analysis:

HTTP/HTTPS Logs:

# Apache access log
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/access.log

# Apache error log
sudo tail -f /var/log/apache2/error.log

# Windows IIS logs
# Location: C:\inetpub\logs\LogFiles\W3SVC1\

Parse Log for Credentials:

# Search for POST requests
grep "POST" /var/log/apache2/access.log

# Extract user agents
awk '{print $12}' /var/log/apache2/access.log | sort | uniq -c

Quick Reference

Essential Ports

Service Verification Commands

# Check HTTP
curl -I http://target

# Check HTTPS
curl -kI https://target

# Check SNMP
snmpwalk -c public -v1 target

# Check SMB
smbclient -L //target -N

Common Enumeration Tools

Constraints

• Self-signed certificates trigger browser warnings
• SNMP v1/v2c communities transmit in cleartext
• Anonymous SMB access is often disabled by default
• Firewall rules must allow inbound connections
• Lab environments should be isolated from production

Examples

Example 1: Complete HTTP Lab Setup

# Install and configure
sudo apt install apache2
sudo systemctl start apache2

# Create login page
cat << 'EOF' | sudo tee /var/www/html/login.html
<html>
<body>
<form method="POST" action="login.php">
Username: <input type="text" name="user"><br>
Password: <input type="password" name="pass"><br>
<input type="submit" value="Login">
</form>
</body>
</html>
EOF

# Allow through firewall
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp

Example 2: SNMP Testing Setup

# Quick SNMP configuration
sudo apt install snmpd
echo "rocommunity public" | sudo tee -a /etc/snmp/snmpd.conf
sudo systemctl restart snmpd

# Test enumeration
snmpwalk -c public -v1 localhost

Example 3: SMB Anonymous Access

# Configure anonymous share
sudo apt install samba
# Keep the service-owned anonymous share non-world-writable.
sudo install -d -m 0770 -o root -g sambashare /srv/samba/anonymous

# Test access
smbclient //localhost/anonymous -N

Troubleshooting

When to Use

This skill is applicable to execute the workflow or actions described in the overview.