Tmux

tmux Skill

Overview

Use tmux to control interactive terminal applications by sending keystrokes and capturing output. This skill provides patterns for managing REPLs, dev servers, debuggers, and Claude Code sessions.

When to Use

Use tmux when:

• Running interactive REPLs (python, node, psql)
• Debugging with gdb/lldb
• Running dev servers and file watchers
• Interactive CLI tools (vim, git rebase -i)
• Claude Code session monitoring
• Any process requiring TTY interaction

Don't use for:

• Simple one-shot commands (<10s)
• Non-interactive scripts
• Commands with stdin redirection

Core Pattern

# Create detached session with interactive shell
tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -n main

# Send commands (use send-keys, not inline command)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:main" 'python3 -i' Enter

# Capture output
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p

# Wait for prompt (poll)
for i in {1..30}; do
  output=$(tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p)
  if echo "$output" | grep -q ">>>"; then break; fi
  sleep 0.5
done

# Cleanup
tmux kill-session -t "$SESSION"

Session Naming Convention

Always derive session name from the project:

SESSION=$(basename $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel 2>/dev/null) || basename "$PWD")

Idempotent Process Start

Always check before creating sessions:

SESSION=$(basename $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel 2>/dev/null) || basename "$PWD")

# Create session only if it doesn't exist
if ! tmux has-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null; then
  tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -n main
  tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:main" '<command>' Enter
else
  echo "Session $SESSION already exists"
fi

Multiple Processes (Windows)

For multiple processes in one project, use windows not separate sessions:

SESSION=$(basename $(git rev-parse --show-toplevel 2>/dev/null) || basename "$PWD")

# Create session if needed
if ! tmux has-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null; then
  tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -n server
  tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:server" 'npm run dev' Enter
fi

# Add window if it doesn't exist
if ! tmux list-windows -t "$SESSION" -F '#{window_name}' | grep -q "^tests$"; then
  tmux new-window -t "$SESSION" -n tests
  tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:tests" 'npm run test:watch' Enter
fi

Common Commands

Session Management

# List sessions
tmux list-sessions
tmux ls

# Check if session exists
tmux has-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null

# Kill session (only this project's session)
tmux kill-session -t "$SESSION"

# Kill specific window
tmux kill-window -t "$SESSION:tests"

# Never use: tmux kill-server (kills ALL sessions)

Sending Input

# Send text + Enter
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" 'y' Enter

# Send text without Enter
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- 'some text'

# Send special keys
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Escape
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" C-c          # Ctrl+C
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" C-d          # Ctrl+D (EOF)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" C-z          # Ctrl+Z (suspend)
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Space
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" BSpace       # Backspace

# For Claude Code prompts, split Enter to avoid paste issues
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" -l -- 'text to send'
sleep 0.1
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION" Enter

Capture Output

# Last 20 lines of pane
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p | tail -20

# Entire scrollback
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION" -p -S -

# Specific pane in window
tmux capture-pane -t "$SESSION:0.0" -p

Window/Pane Navigation

# Select window
tmux select-window -t "$SESSION:0"

# Select pane
tmux select-pane -t "$SESSION:0.1"

# List windows
tmux list-windows -t "$SESSION"

# Rename session
tmux rename-session -t old new

Interactive Shell Requirement

Use send-keys pattern for reliable shell initialization:

# WRONG - inline command bypasses shell init, breaks PATH/direnv
tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -n main 'npm run dev'

# CORRECT - create session, then send command to interactive shell
tmux new-session -d -s "$SESSION" -n main
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:main" 'npm run dev' Enter

Common Patterns

Python REPL

tmux new-session -d -s python python3 -i
tmux send-keys -t python 'import math' Enter
tmux send-keys -t python 'print(math.pi)' Enter
tmux capture-pane -t python -p
tmux kill-session -t python

Debugging with lldb

tmux new-session -d -s lldb 'lldb ./a.out'
tmux send-keys -t lldb 'set pagination off' Enter
# break with C-c, issue bt, info locals
tmux send-keys -t lldb 'bt' Enter
tmux send-keys -t lldb 'quit' Enter

Vim Editing

tmux new-session -d -s vim vim /tmp/file.txt
sleep 0.3
tmux send-keys -t vim 'i' 'Hello World' Escape ':wq' Enter

Interactive Git Rebase

tmux new-session -d -s rebase -c /repo/path 'git rebase -i HEAD~3'
sleep 0.5
tmux capture-pane -t rebase -p
tmux send-keys -t rebase 'Down' 'squash' Escape
tmux send-keys -t rebase ':wq' Enter

Checking Process Status

# Check session exists
tmux has-session -t "$SESSION" 2>/dev/null && echo "exists" || echo "none"

# List windows and their commands
tmux list-windows -t "$SESSION" -F '#{window_name}: #{pane_current_command}'

# Check for specific window
tmux list-windows -t "$SESSION" -F '#{window_name}' | grep -q "^server$"

# Check for ready indicators
tmux capture-pane -p -t "$SESSION:server" -S -50 | rg -i "listening|ready|started"

# Check for errors
tmux capture-pane -p -t "$SESSION" -S -100 | rg -i "error|fail|exception"

Claude Code Session Patterns

Check if Session Needs Input

tmux capture-pane -t worker-3 -p | tail -10 | grep -E "❯|Yes.*No|proceed|permission"

Approve Claude Code Prompt

tmux send-keys -t worker-3 'y' Enter
# Or select numbered option
tmux send-keys -t worker-3 '2' Enter

Check All Sessions

for s in shared worker-2 worker-3 worker-4; do
  echo "=== $s ==="
  tmux capture-pane -t $s -p 2>/dev/null | tail -5
done

Restarting a Process

# Send Ctrl+C then restart
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:server" C-c
sleep 1
tmux send-keys -t "$SESSION:server" 'npm run dev' Enter

Common Mistakes

Not Waiting After Session Start

# Problem: Capturing immediately shows blank
tmux new-session -d -s sess command
tmux capture-pane -t sess -p  # Too early!

# Fix: Add brief sleep
tmux new-session -d -s sess command
sleep 0.3
tmux capture-pane -t sess -p

Forgetting Enter Key

# Problem: Command typed but not executed
tmux send-keys -t sess 'print("hello")'  # Missing Enter!

# Fix: Add Enter
tmux send-keys -t sess 'print("hello")' Enter

Using Wrong Key Names

# Problem: \n doesn't work
tmux send-keys -t sess 'text\n'

# Fix: Use tmux key names
tmux send-keys -t sess 'text' Enter

Not Cleaning Up Sessions

# Fix: Always kill when done
tmux kill-session -t session_name

# Or check first
tmux has-session -t name 2>/dev/null && tmux kill-session -t name

Wait for Ready Pattern

for i in {1..30}; do
  if tmux capture-pane -p -t "$SESSION:server" -S -20 | rg -q "listening|ready"; then
    echo "Server ready"
    break
  fi
  sleep 1
done

When to Use tmux

Isolation Rules

• Never use tmux kill-server
• Never kill sessions not matching current project
• Always derive session name from git root or pwd
• Always verify session name before kill operations
• Other Claude Code instances may have their own sessions

User Notification

After starting a session, ALWAYS tell the user:

To monitor: tmux attach -t $SESSION
To capture: tmux capture-pane -t $SESSION -p
To stop: tmux kill-session -t $SESSION