Rust Concurrency

Rust Concurrency

Based on the standard library std::thread, std::sync, and std::sync::atomic modules, along with the Async Book. Use when designing, debugging, load-testing, or reviewing threaded and async Rust code; cancellation, task ownership, lock scope, runtime sizing, queues, overload management, message passing, hand basic ownership to rust-stable and unsafe invariants to rust-unsafe-ffi.

Capability Boundaries

✅ Strengths

1. OS threads (thread::spawn, Builder, join, scoped threads, move closures)
2. Synchronization primitives (Mutex, RwLock, Barrier, Condvar, OnceLock, LazyLock)
3. Atomic types (AtomicBool/Isize/Usize, load/store/fetch_add/swap/compare_exchange, Ordering)
4. Channels (mpsc: multi-producer single-consumer, Receiver, Sender)
5. Send / Sync trait system (automatic derivation and manual implementation)
6. async/await syntax with the Future trait
7. Tokio runtime (tokio::main, tokio::spawn, select!, JoinSet)
8. Async I/O foundations (tokio::fs, tokio::net, tokio::io)
9. Bounded queues, backpressure, slow consumers, concurrency limits and overload strategies
10. Task supervision, connection lifecycles, cancellation safety and graceful shutdown
11. CPU-bound data parallelism and dedicated Rayon pools
12. Crossbeam channels, queues, work-stealing deques, and scoped threads
13. Read-heavy snapshots, sharded maps, caches, and alternative locks when measurements justify them
14. Loom model checking and Tokio runtime diagnostics

⚠️ Prerequisites

1. Understanding Rust ownership model (rust-stable)

❌ Inapplicable Scenarios

1. Unsafe code concurrent execution → use rust-unsafe-ffi skill
2. Basic ownership/borrowing → use rust-stable skill

When to Use

• "Process data with multiple threads"
• "How to write async/await"
• "Tokio runtime usage"
• "Shared data between threads"
• "Avoid data races"
• "Rate limiting and graceful shutdown in high-concurrency services"
• "Tokio channel backlog or slow consumers"

Data Privacy

This skill does not collect, store, or transmit any user data.

I. OS Threads

use std::thread;

let handle = thread::spawn(move || {
    println!("Hello from thread!");
});
handle.join().unwrap();

// Thread with configuration
let builder = thread::Builder::new()
    .name("worker".into())
    .stack_size(1024 * 1024);
let handle = builder.spawn(move || { /* ... */ }).unwrap();

// scoped threads (1.63+)
let mut v = vec![1, 2, 3];
thread::scope(|s| {
    s.spawn(|| {
        v.push(4); // borrow, no move required
    });
});
println!("{v:?}"); // v remains usable

II. Synchronization Primitives

use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, RwLock, Barrier, OnceLock, LazyLock};

// Mutex (mutual exclusion lock)
let counter = Arc::new(Mutex::new(0));
let mut handles = vec![];

for _ in 0..10 {
    let counter = Arc::clone(&counter);
    handles.push(thread::spawn(move || {
        let mut num = counter.lock().unwrap();
        *num += 1;
    }));
}

// RwLock (read-write lock)
let data = Arc::new(RwLock::new(vec![1, 2, 3]));
{
    let read = data.read().unwrap();
    assert_eq!(read.len(), 3);
} // Drop the read guard before taking the write lock.
data.write().unwrap().push(4);

// OnceLock (thread-safe lazy initialization)
static CONFIG: OnceLock<String> = OnceLock::new();
let config = CONFIG.get_or_init(|| load_config());

// LazyLock
static CACHE: LazyLock<HashMap<String, Data>> = LazyLock::new(HashMap::new);

III. Atomic Operations

use std::sync::atomic::{
    AtomicBool, AtomicU64, Ordering
};

static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::SeqCst);

static READY: AtomicBool = AtomicBool::new(false);
READY.store(true, Ordering::Release);
let ready = READY.load(Ordering::Acquire);

// Ordering levels
// Relaxed — no ordering guarantees (only atomicity)
// Release — write visibility
// Acquire — read visibility
// AcqRel — both reads and writes visible
// SeqCst — global sequential order (strongest, but not automatically default; explicit Ordering required for atomic operations)

IV. Channels

use std::sync::mpsc;

let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
thread::spawn(move || {
    tx.send(1).unwrap();
    tx.send(2).unwrap();
});
for received in rx {
    println!("Got: {received}");
}

// Multi-producer scenario
let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();
let tx1 = tx.clone();

V. async/await

use tokio::time;

async fn do_work(id: u32) -> &'static str {
    time::sleep(time::Duration::from_secs(1)).await;
    println!("Task {id} done");
    "ok"
}

#[tokio::main]
async fn main() {
    // Concurrent execution
    let (r1, r2) = tokio::join!(do_work(1), do_work(2));

    // select!
    tokio::select! {
        result = do_work(1) => println!("task1: {result}"),
        result = do_work(2) => println!("task2: {result}"),
    }

    // tokio::spawn
    let handle = tokio::spawn(do_work(3));
    handle.await.unwrap();
}

VI. Send / Sync

// T is Send if its ownership can be transferred across threads
// &T is Sync if it can be shared references across threads

// Types that are both Send + Sync: Arc<Mutex<T>>, i32, &'static str
// !Send types: Rc<T>, *const T
// !Sync types: RefCell<T>, Cell<T>

// Manual implementations are unsafe contracts. Do not add them merely to
// satisfy a compiler error; prove aliasing, lifetime, and thread-safety first.

VII. Select the Execution Model

Tokio is primarily for I/O concurrency; Rayon is for CPU parallelism. Mixing them requires an explicit handoff, independent concurrency limits, and shutdown ownership. Read Concurrency Tool Selection before introducing a third-party primitive.

Workflow

1. Classify the workload — separate readiness-driven I/O, CPU parallelism, blocking calls, synchronization, and durable messaging before selecting a runtime or primitive.
2. Write concurrency budgets — define maximum connections, in-flight tasks, queue capacity, item size, timeouts, memory, CPU pools, and shutdown deadlines.
3. Determine state ownership — prefer partitioned or single-writer ownership; share state only with an explicit atomicity and lock-ordering contract.
4. Select communication semantics — choose bounded point-to-point, request/reply, latest-value, lossy broadcast, or durable replay deliberately; specify queue-full and receiver-lag behavior.
5. Supervise execution — retain task or thread handles, propagate failure, contain panic, prevent orphan work, and define caller-cancellation behavior.
6. Design graceful shutdown — stop admission, close producers, publish cancellation, join within a deadline, flush required state, and return unresolved failures.
7. Measure before tuning — record throughput, p50/p95/p99 latency, queue depth, saturation, task poll time, wakeups, lock wait, CPU, allocations, and RSS.
8. Verify the model — test overload and cancellation, use Loom for small synchronization state machines, and use tokio-console or tracing for runtime stalls. Read Concurrency Testing and Diagnostics.

Gotchas

1. Mutex::lock() returns a MutexGuard; do not await before dropping to avoid deadlocks
2. tokio::spawn's Future must be both Send and 'static; non-Send references will cause compilation errors
3. Async closures capture ownership differently than regular closures — use the move keyword explicitly for transfer of state
4. Cancelled Futures in select! branches do not execute cleanup logic directly before dropping
5. Atomic Ordering is not relational semantics; misuse of Relaxed can lead to unexpected memory ordering issues
6. broadcast lag is distinct from normal success paths; must choose between discarding, rebuilding snapshots, disconnecting slow consumers, or persistently replaying events
7. max_blocking_threads limits only the number of blocking threads and does not provide backpressure for submission queues; high-cost tasks require Semaphore or bounded queues
8. JoinSet returns results in completion order; if API requires input ordering, carry indices through to restore sequence during aggregation
9. DashMap, parking_lot, ArcSwap, and lock-free queues change semantics as well as performance; benchmarks do not replace invariant review
10. Loom sees only synchronization performed through Loom-aware types and can suffer state-space explosion; keep models small and deterministic
11. Rayon work may outlive the async caller unless cancellation and pool ownership are designed explicitly

On-Demand Resources

• Concurrency Examples
• Type & Tool Quick Reference
• Concurrency Tool Selection: Read when choosing Tokio, Rayon, Crossbeam, locks, sharded maps, snapshots, or caches.
• Concurrency Testing and Diagnostics: Read when proving synchronization correctness, diagnosing runtime stalls, or load-testing overload and shutdown.
• Production Async Service Patterns: Read when designing actors, backpressure, slow consumers, task supervision, runtime configuration, and shutdown protocols.
• examples/golden-threads/: CI-built scoped thread examples

Official References

• std::thread Documentation
• std::sync Documentation
• std::sync::atomic Documentation
• Async Book
• Tokio Guide
• Rayon
• Crossbeam
• Loom