Analyzing Network Traffic With Wireshark

Analyzing Network Traffic with Wireshark

When to Use

• Investigating suspected network intrusions by examining packet-level evidence of command-and-control traffic, data exfiltration, or lateral movement
• Diagnosing network performance issues such as retransmissions, fragmentation, or DNS resolution failures
• Analyzing malware communication patterns by capturing traffic from sandboxed or isolated hosts
• Validating firewall and IDS rules by confirming what traffic is actually traversing network segments
• Extracting files, credentials, or indicators of compromise from captured network sessions

Do not use to capture traffic on networks without authorization, to intercept private communications without legal authority, or as a substitute for full-featured SIEM platforms in production monitoring.

Detection Gaps & Validation

• You only see what the tap delivers: a SPAN port that mirrors one direction, or oversubscription dropping frames, makes beaconing look intermittent. Confirm with tshark -r cap.pcapng -q -z io,phs and check the capture's dropped-packet count before concluding traffic is absent.
• Encrypted exfil/C2 hides from display filters: DoH/DoT (tcp.port==443/853) carries no dns.qry.name to grep — your .xyz TLD filter returns nothing. Pivot to tls.handshake.extensions_server_name (SNI), JA3/JA3S, and tcp.len periodicity instead of assuming the host is clean.
• Display filter != capture filter: a capture BPF of port 53 permanently discards the DoH/DoT and non-53 tunnels you later want; capture broad, filter narrow at analysis time.
• Low-and-slow beats the eye: beacons with jitter won't stand out in a packet list. Use -z io,stat,1 and -z conv,tcp sorted by duration to surface long, low-byte conversations to one destination.
• Validate your filter fires: replay a known-bad sample with tcpreplay -i eth0 known_c2.pcap (or open it directly) and confirm your display filter (e.g., dns.qry.name matches "[a-f0-9]{30,}") actually matches the malicious frames; a zero-row result means the field path or operator is wrong.
• FP tuning: TLS SNI to CDNs, Windows update, and corporate DoH resolvers trigger naive TLD/long-label filters; baseline and whitelist before alerting.

Prerequisites

• Wireshark 4.0+ and tshark command-line utility installed
• Root/sudo privileges or membership in the wireshark group for live packet capture
• Network interface access (physical NIC, span port, or network tap) to the monitored segment
• Sufficient disk space for packet capture files (estimate 1 GB per minute on busy gigabit links)
• Familiarity with TCP/IP protocols, HTTP, DNS, TLS, and SMB at the packet level

Workflow

Step 1: Configure Capture Environment

Set up the capture interface and filters to target relevant traffic:

# List available interfaces
tshark -D

# Start capture on eth0 with a capture filter to limit scope
tshark -i eth0 -f "host 10.10.5.23 and (port 80 or port 443 or port 445)" -w /tmp/capture.pcapng

# Capture with ring buffer to manage disk usage (10 files, 100MB each)
tshark -i eth0 -b filesize:102400 -b files:10 -w /tmp/rolling_capture.pcapng

# Capture on multiple interfaces simultaneously
tshark -i eth0 -i eth1 -w /tmp/multi_interface.pcapng

For Wireshark GUI, set capture filter in the Capture Options dialog before starting.

Step 2: Apply Display Filters for Targeted Analysis

# Filter HTTP traffic containing suspicious user agents
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "http.user_agent contains \"curl\" or http.user_agent contains \"Wget\""

# Find DNS queries to suspicious TLDs
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "dns.qry.name contains \".xyz\" or dns.qry.name contains \".top\" or dns.qry.name contains \".tk\""

# Identify TCP retransmissions indicating network issues
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tcp.analysis.retransmission"

# Filter SMB traffic for lateral movement detection
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "smb2.cmd == 5 or smb2.cmd == 3" -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e smb2.filename

# Find cleartext credential transmission
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ftp.request.command == \"PASS\" or http.authbasic"

# Detect beaconing patterns (regular interval connections)
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ip.dst == 203.0.113.50" -T fields -e frame.time_relative -e ip.src -e tcp.dstport

Step 3: Protocol-Specific Deep Analysis

# Follow a TCP stream to reconstruct a conversation
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z follow,tcp,ascii,0

# Analyze HTTP request/response pairs
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "http" -T fields -e frame.time -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e http.request.method -e http.request.uri -e http.response.code

# Extract DNS query/response statistics
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z dns,tree

# Analyze TLS handshakes for weak cipher suites
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tls.handshake.type == 2" -T fields -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e tls.handshake.ciphersuite

# SMB file access enumeration
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "smb2" -T fields -e frame.time -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e smb2.filename -e smb2.cmd

Step 4: Extract Artifacts and IOCs

# Export HTTP objects (files transferred over HTTP)
tshark -r capture.pcapng --export-objects http,/tmp/http_objects/

# Export SMB objects (files transferred over SMB)
tshark -r capture.pcapng --export-objects smb,/tmp/smb_objects/

# Extract all unique destination IPs for threat intelligence lookup
tshark -r capture.pcapng -T fields -e ip.dst | sort -u > unique_dest_ips.txt

# Extract SSL/TLS certificate information
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tls.handshake.type == 11" -T fields -e x509sat.uTF8String -e x509ce.dNSName

# Extract all URLs accessed
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "http.request" -T fields -e http.host -e http.request.uri | sort -u > urls.txt

# Hash extracted files for IOC matching
find /tmp/http_objects/ -type f -exec sha256sum {} \; > extracted_file_hashes.txt

Step 5: Statistical Analysis and Anomaly Detection

# Protocol hierarchy statistics
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z io,phs

# Conversation statistics sorted by bytes
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z conv,tcp -z conv,udp

# Identify top talkers
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z endpoints,ip

# IO graph data (packets per second)
tshark -r capture.pcapng -q -z io,stat,1,"COUNT(frame) frame"

# Detect port scanning patterns
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "tcp.flags.syn == 1 and tcp.flags.ack == 0" -T fields -e ip.src -e tcp.dstport | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn | head -20

Step 6: Generate Reports and Export Evidence

# Export filtered packets to a new PCAP for evidence preservation
tshark -r capture.pcapng -Y "ip.addr == 10.10.5.23 and tcp.port == 4444" -w evidence_c2_traffic.pcapng

# Generate packet summary in CSV format
tshark -r capture.pcapng -T fields -E header=y -E separator=, -e frame.number -e frame.time -e ip.src -e ip.dst -e ip.proto -e tcp.srcport -e tcp.dstport -e frame.len > traffic_summary.csv

# Create PDML (XML) output for programmatic analysis
tshark -r capture.pcapng -T pdml > capture_analysis.xml

# Calculate capture file hash for chain of custody
sha256sum capture.pcapng > capture_hash.txt

Key Concepts

Tools & Systems

• Wireshark 4.0+: GUI-based packet analyzer with protocol dissectors for 3,000+ protocols, stream reassembly, and export capabilities
• tshark: Command-line version of Wireshark for headless capture, batch processing, and scripted analysis pipelines
• tcpdump: Lightweight packet capture tool for quick captures on remote systems without GUI dependencies
• mergecap: Wireshark utility for combining multiple capture files into a single PCAP for unified analysis
• editcap: Wireshark utility for splitting, filtering, and converting between capture file formats

Common Scenarios

Scenario: Investigating Suspected Data Exfiltration via DNS Tunneling

Context: The SOC team detected unusually high DNS query volumes from a workstation (10.10.3.45) to an external domain. The SIEM alert flagged DNS queries averaging 200 per minute compared to the baseline of 15. A packet capture was initiated from the network tap on the workstation's VLAN.

Approach:

1. Capture traffic from the workstation's subnet using tshark -i eth2 -f "host 10.10.3.45 and port 53" -w dns_exfil_investigation.pcapng
2. Analyze DNS query patterns: tshark -r dns_exfil_investigation.pcapng -Y "dns.qry.name contains \"suspect-domain.xyz\"" -T fields -e frame.time -e dns.qry.name
3. Examine subdomain labels for encoded data (long base64-like subdomains indicate tunneling): tshark -r dns_exfil_investigation.pcapng -Y "dns.qry.type == 16" -T fields -e dns.qry.name -e dns.txt
4. Calculate data volume by summing query name lengths to estimate exfiltration bandwidth
5. Extract unique query names and decode base64 subdomains to recover exfiltrated content
6. Export evidence packets to a separate PCAP and generate SHA-256 hash for chain of custody

Pitfalls:

• Capturing unfiltered traffic on a busy network and running out of disk space before collecting relevant data
• Using display filters instead of capture filters, resulting in massive files that are slow to process
• Overlooking encrypted DNS (DoH/DoT) traffic that bypasses traditional DNS capture on port 53
• Failing to establish packet capture hash and chain of custody documentation for forensic evidence

Output Format

## Traffic Analysis Report

**Case ID**: IR-2024-0847
**Capture File**: dns_exfil_investigation.pcapng
**SHA-256**: a3f2b8c1d4e5f6a7b8c9d0e1f2a3b4c5d6e7f8a9b0c1d2e3f4a5b6c7d8e9f0a1
**Duration**: 2024-03-15 14:00:00 to 14:45:00 UTC
**Source Interface**: eth2 (VLAN 30 span port)

### Findings

**1. DNS Tunneling Confirmed**
- Source: 10.10.3.45
- Destination DNS: 8.8.8.8 (forwarded to ns1.suspect-domain.xyz)
- Query volume: 9,247 queries in 45 minutes (205/min vs 15/min baseline)
- Average subdomain label length: 63 characters (base64-encoded data)
- Estimated data exfiltrated: ~2.3 MB via TXT record responses

**2. Indicators of Compromise**
- Domain: suspect-domain.xyz (registered 3 days prior)
- Nameserver: ns1.suspect-domain.xyz (203.0.113.50)
- Query pattern: TXT record requests with base64-encoded subdomains
- Response pattern: TXT records containing base64-encoded payloads