gabrielmoreira Kubernetes Operations
Deploy and manage containerized applications on Kubernetes clusters.
When to Use This Skill
Use this skill when:
- Deploying applications to Kubernetes
- Managing pods, deployments, and services
- Configuring resource limits and scaling
- Troubleshooting Kubernetes workloads
- Setting up networking and ingress
Prerequisites
- kubectl installed and configured
- Access to a Kubernetes cluster
- Basic understanding of containers
Core Resources
Deployment
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: myapp
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: myapp
spec:
containers:
- name: myapp
image: myapp:1.0.0
ports:
- containerPort: 8080
resources:
requests:
memory: "128Mi"
cpu: "100m"
limits:
memory: "256Mi"
cpu: "500m"
livenessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /health
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 10
periodSeconds: 10
readinessProbe:
httpGet:
path: /ready
port: 8080
initialDelaySeconds: 5
periodSeconds: 5
env:
- name: DATABASE_URL
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: myapp-secrets
key: database-url
Service
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
selector:
app: myapp
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
type: ClusterIP
---
# LoadBalancer for external access
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: myapp-external
spec:
selector:
app: myapp
ports:
- port: 80
targetPort: 8080
type: LoadBalancer
Ingress
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
name: myapp
annotations:
nginx.ingress.kubernetes.io/rewrite-target: /
spec:
ingressClassName: nginx
tls:
- hosts:
- myapp.example.com
secretName: myapp-tls
rules:
- host: myapp.example.com
http:
paths:
- path: /
pathType: Prefix
backend:
service:
name: myapp
port:
number: 80
Configuration Management
ConfigMap
apiVersion: v1
kind: ConfigMap
metadata:
name: myapp-config
data:
config.yaml: |
server:
port: 8080
logging:
level: info
APP_ENV: production
# Using ConfigMap
containers:
- name: myapp
envFrom:
- configMapRef:
name: myapp-config
volumeMounts:
- name: config
mountPath: /etc/config
volumes:
- name: config
configMap:
name: myapp-config
Secret
apiVersion: v1
kind: Secret
metadata:
name: myapp-secrets
type: Opaque
stringData:
database-url: postgres://user:pass@host:5432/db
api-key: secret-key-value
# Create secret from command line
kubectl create secret generic myapp-secrets \
--from-literal=database-url='postgres://...' \
--from-file=tls.crt=cert.pem
kubectl Commands
Resource Management
# Apply configuration
kubectl apply -f deployment.yaml
# Get resources
kubectl get pods
kubectl get deployments
kubectl get services
kubectl get all -n myapp
# Describe resource
kubectl describe pod myapp-xxx
# Delete resource
kubectl delete -f deployment.yaml
kubectl delete pod myapp-xxx
# Edit resource
kubectl edit deployment myapp
Debugging
# View logs
kubectl logs myapp-xxx
kubectl logs -f myapp-xxx --tail=100
kubectl logs myapp-xxx -c sidecar # specific container
# Execute command
kubectl exec -it myapp-xxx -- /bin/sh
# Port forward
kubectl port-forward svc/myapp 8080:80
kubectl port-forward pod/myapp-xxx 8080:8080
# View events
kubectl get events --sort-by='.lastTimestamp'
# Debug pod
kubectl debug myapp-xxx -it --image=busybox
Scaling
# Manual scaling
kubectl scale deployment myapp --replicas=5
# Autoscaling
kubectl autoscale deployment myapp \
--min=2 --max=10 \
--cpu-percent=80
Horizontal Pod Autoscaler
apiVersion: autoscaling/v2
kind: HorizontalPodAutoscaler
metadata:
name: myapp
spec:
scaleTargetRef:
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
name: myapp
minReplicas: 2
maxReplicas: 10
metrics:
- type: Resource
resource:
name: cpu
target:
type: Utilization
averageUtilization: 80
- type: Resource
resource:
name: memory
target:
type: Utilization
averageUtilization: 80
Persistent Storage
PersistentVolumeClaim
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: myapp-data
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
storageClassName: standard
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
---
# Using PVC
containers:
- name: myapp
volumeMounts:
- name: data
mountPath: /data
volumes:
- name: data
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: myapp-data
StatefulSet
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: StatefulSet
metadata:
name: postgres
spec:
serviceName: postgres
replicas: 3
selector:
matchLabels:
app: postgres
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: postgres
spec:
containers:
- name: postgres
image: postgres:15
ports:
- containerPort: 5432
volumeMounts:
- name: data
mountPath: /var/lib/postgresql/data
volumeClaimTemplates:
- metadata:
name: data
spec:
accessModes: ["ReadWriteOnce"]
resources:
requests:
storage: 10Gi
Jobs and CronJobs
Job
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: Job
metadata:
name: migration
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: migrate
image: myapp:1.0.0
command: ["./migrate.sh"]
restartPolicy: Never
backoffLimit: 3
CronJob
apiVersion: batch/v1
kind: CronJob
metadata:
name: backup
spec:
schedule: "0 2 * * *"
jobTemplate:
spec:
template:
spec:
containers:
- name: backup
image: backup-tool:latest
command: ["./backup.sh"]
restartPolicy: OnFailure
Network Policies
apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
name: myapp-network-policy
spec:
podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: myapp
policyTypes:
- Ingress
- Egress
ingress:
- from:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: frontend
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 8080
egress:
- to:
- podSelector:
matchLabels:
app: database
ports:
- protocol: TCP
port: 5432
Resource Quotas
apiVersion: v1
kind: ResourceQuota
metadata:
name: myapp-quota
namespace: myapp
spec:
hard:
requests.cpu: "10"
requests.memory: 20Gi
limits.cpu: "20"
limits.memory: 40Gi
pods: "20"
Rolling Updates
spec:
strategy:
type: RollingUpdate
rollingUpdate:
maxSurge: 1
maxUnavailable: 0
# Update image
kubectl set image deployment/myapp myapp=myapp:2.0.0
# Check rollout status
kubectl rollout status deployment/myapp
# View history
kubectl rollout history deployment/myapp
# Rollback
kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp
kubectl rollout undo deployment/myapp --to-revision=2
Common Issues
Issue: Pod Stuck in Pending
Problem: Pod won't start Solution: Check resource availability, node selector, PVC binding
kubectl describe pod myapp-xxx
kubectl get events
Issue: CrashLoopBackOff
Problem: Container keeps restarting Solution: Check logs, verify entrypoint, check probes
kubectl logs myapp-xxx --previous
kubectl describe pod myapp-xxx
Issue: Service Not Accessible
Problem: Cannot connect to service Solution: Check selector labels, verify endpoints exist
kubectl get endpoints myapp
kubectl describe svc myapp
Issue: Image Pull Error
Problem: ImagePullBackOff Solution: Check image name, verify registry credentials
kubectl create secret docker-registry regcred \
--docker-server=registry.example.com \
--docker-username=user \
--docker-password=pass
Best Practices
- Always set resource requests and limits
- Implement liveness and readiness probes
- Use namespaces for isolation
- Apply network policies for security
- Use ConfigMaps and Secrets for configuration
- Implement pod disruption budgets for availability
- Use labels consistently for organization
- Enable RBAC for access control
Related Skills
- helm-charts - Package management
- argocd-gitops - GitOps deployments
- kubernetes-hardening - Security