DB Normalization

db-normalization (M1)

Normalization is the spine of relational design: it removes update/insert/delete anomalies by giving every fact one home. This module audits 1NF→3NF and the deliberate, documented exceptions (denormalization for read paths). It is design-axis only. For document/KV paradigms this module is replaced by Access-pattern&embedding in the profile — do not penalise a Mongo collection for "lacking 3NF".

What it checks

• 1NF — atomicity: columns holding lists (tags VARCHAR with comma-separated values, phone_numbers TEXT), repeating-group columns (addr1, addr2, addr3, item_1, item_2), or arrays used as a join-table substitute. Static signal: column name patterns + a text/varchar type carrying delimited data in sample DDL/comments.
• 2NF — partial dependency: on a composite PK, a non-key column that depends on only part of the key (e.g. order_items(order_id, product_id, product_name) where product_name depends on product_id alone).
• 3NF — transitive dependency: a non-key column functionally determined by another non-key (e.g. employees(id, dept_id, dept_name) — dept_name belongs in departments).
• Denormalization discipline: duplicated/derived columns (total, full_name, cached counts) with no generated-column definition, no trigger, and no documented refresh path — these drift silently. Cross-check with db-defaults-generated (M6).

Axis & severity

• Axis: design. Magnitude banded high|medium|low, never a fabricated anomaly rate.
• Repeating groups / CSV-in-a-column on a high-write table: severity 3–4, warn/fail, confidence directional (static).
• Transitive dependency causing redundant updatable data: severity 3, warn.
• Undocumented denormalized duplicate that can drift: severity 3, warn, fixable: proposed.
• M1 never holds a severity-5 cap; it shapes the Modelado category value.

Tier-0 static check

Parse DDL via scripts/parse-schema.mjs and inspect column inventories: flag delimited-list column names, repeating numbered columns, and non-key columns whose name matches another table's entity (*_name, *_label alongside a *_id). Program-source parses stay directional and never cap.

Tier-1 verification query

Confirm a suspected CSV-in-column actually carries multiple values:

-- $DATABASE_URL, read-only; does the column hold delimited lists?
SELECT count(*) AS rows_with_delimiter
FROM <table>
WHERE position(',' IN <column>::text) > 0;   -- >0 confirms 1NF violation

For a transitive dependency, confirm functional determination holds across rows:

SELECT dept_id, count(DISTINCT dept_name) AS distinct_names
FROM employees GROUP BY dept_id HAVING count(DISTINCT dept_name) = 1;

When no live DB is available the finding stays needs_api for the count assertion — never a silent pass.

Findings

Emit per schema/finding.schema.json. Examples:

• M1.users.tags_csv_in_column — tags VARCHAR(255) stores comma-separated values (severity 4, fail, fixable: proposed, axis design, confidence directional).
• M1.order_items.partial_dependency_product_name — non-key product_name depends on part of the composite PK (severity 3, warn, axis design).
• M1.invoices.total_denormalized_undocumented — derived total column with no generated-column/trigger refresh (severity 3, warn, fixable: proposed). Each finding: evidence.observed quotes the real DDL line verbatim (secrets redacted); verification.reproduce is the runnable command above (method: ddl_parse for static, query_stat/schema_introspect for Tier-1); expected_impact is banded + confidence-tagged with rationale.

Honesty

• Denormalization is a legitimate, sometimes correct choice — flag only undisciplined denormalization (no refresh path, no documentation), never denormalization per se.
• 1NF/2NF/3NF apply to relational models. Embedded documents in a document store are not a normalization defect; that judgment lives in the document profile.
• Never invent an anomaly frequency or row count without a Tier-1 query backing it.